Ethnopharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used to treat diabetes mellitus in Maidan valley, Dir Lower, Pakistan

Muhammad Ali; Muhammad Wahab; Latif Ahmad; Imran Ahmad; Andrew J. Semotiuk; Hammad Ahmad Jan

doi:10.47264/idea.nasij/3.1.4

Authors

Muhammad Ali Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Sheringal, Dir Upper, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7588-6799
Muhammad Wahab Department of Botany, Women University Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Latif Ahmad Department of Botany, Women University Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-5857
Imran Ahmad Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Sheringal, Dir Upper, Pakistan.
Andrew J. Semotiuk Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-3799
Hammad Ahmad Jan Department of Botany, University of Buner, Sowari, Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-3886

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.nasij/3.1.4

Keywords:

Poaceae, Ziziphus, Sarcococca, ethnopharmacology, morphology, botanical formulation, antidiabetic formulation, herbal formulation, human ailments

Abstract

This ethnopharmacological investigation aims to collect, identify, and document distinguishable medicinal plant species and remedies used by the local people for the management of diabetes in the Maidan valley in the district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The local people of the valley have relied on botanical antidiabetic herbal formulations. The ethnobotanical interviews, questionnaires, inquiries, and group discussions were conducted from March 2019–January 2022 to obtain traditional knowledge from the local people. Quantitatively, ethnopharmacological data were analysed using indices, Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Use Value (UV). The study identified 42 plant species belonging to 36 genera and 27 botanical families. Most of the species belong to Poaceae, while leaves were the most frequent morphological parts used. In this study, powder was the primary mode of herbal formulation. The highest RFC value was 0.47 obtained for Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight and Arn, and the highest UV was 0.97 for Sarcococca saligna Mull Arg. Local communities of the area use a large number of plant species for diabetes shows the importance of herbal formulation in the basic human ailments of this remote area. In future studies, we hope these medicinal plants will be further phytochemically screened for new antidiabetic properties.

References

Ahmad, L., Semotiuk, A., Zafar, M., Ahmad, M., Sultana, S., Liu Q. R., Zada, M. P., … & Yaseen, G. (2015) Ethnopharmacological documentation of medicinal plants used for hypertension among the local communities of DIR Lower, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 175, 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.09.014

Bandaranayke, W. M. (2006). Quality control, screening, toxicity and regulation of herbal drugs. In I. Ahmad, F. Aqil, & M. Owais (eds.), Modern phytomedicine: turning medicinal plants into drugs (pp. 25-57). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527609987.ch2

Bodeker, G., & Ong C. K. (2005). World Health Organization global atlas of traditional complementary and alternative medicine. WHO Centre for Health Development, Kobe, Japan. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43108

Bolen, S., Feldman, L., Vassy, J., Wilson, L., Yeh, H. C., Marinopoulos, S., Wiley, C., … Brancati, F. L. (2007). Systematic review: Comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(6), 386-99. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00178

Fabricant, D. S., & Farnsworth, N. R. (2001). The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(1), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s169

Ferner, R. E, & Aronson, J. K. (2006). Clarification of terminology in medication errors. Drug Safety, 29(11), 1011-1022. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200629110-00001

Gairola, S., Sharma, J., Gaur, R. D., Siddiqi, T. O., & Painuli, R. M. (2013). Plants used for treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea by the Bhoxa community of district Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 150(3), 989–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.007

Ghimire, S. K., Gimenez, O., Pradel, R., McKey, D., & Aumeeruddy?Thomas, Y. (2008). Demographic variation and population viability in a threatened Himalayan medicinal and aromatic herb Nardostachys grandiflora: Matrix modelling of harvesting effects in two contrasting habitats. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01375.x

Giday, M., Asfaw, Z., Elmqvist, T., & Woldu, Z. (2003). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00359-8

Irfan, M., Ali, I., & Kashif, R. A. (2018). Ethnobotanical survey of the flora of Maidan Valley, Lower Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Plant Science Today, 5(2), 68-71. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2018.5.2.379

International Diabetes Federation (2019). Facts and figures, IDF Diabetes Atlas, Brussels, Belgium, 9th Edition. https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/eighth-edition/?gclid=CjwKCAiAlp2fBhBPEiwA2Q10D0jmsFd32ttpl15VUEyqdNC9Mu6hcWR6VvS43QXdAwnFG3x9gN84cxoC_acQAvD_BwE

Islam, M. K., Saha, S., Mahmud, I., Mohamad, K., Awang, K., Uddin, S. J, & Shilpi, J. A. (2014). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribal and native people of Madhupur forest area, Bangladesh. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(2), 921-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.056

Jeyaprakash, K., Lego, Y. J, Payum, T., Rathinavel, S., & Jayakumar K. (2017). Diversity of medicinal plants used by Adi community in and around area of D’Ering wildlife sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. World Scientific News, (65), 135-59. http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WSN-65-2017-135-159-1.pdf

Kayani, S., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Khan M. P., Ashraf, M. A, Hussain, J., Yaseen, G. (2014). Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants for respiratory disorders among the inhabitants of Gallies–Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 156, 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.005

Khan, M. T., Ahmad, L., & Rashid W. (2018). Ethnobotanical documentation of traditional knowledge about medicinal plants used by indigenous people in Talash valley of Dir lower. Northern Pakistan. Journal of Intercult Ethnopharmacol, 7(1), 8-24. https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/55/55-1499260482.pdf?t=1676132688

Khatib, O. (2004). Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors and regional strategies for prevention and care. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 10(6), 778-788, 2004. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/119479

Mahmood, A., Mahmood, A., Shaheen, H., Qureshi, R. A., Sangi, Y., & Gilani, S. A. (2011). Ethno medicinal survey of plants from district Bhimber Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(11), 2348-2360. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-full-text-pdf/2B5151122276.pdf

Modak, M., Dixit, P., Londhe, J., Ghaskadbi, S., & Devasagayam, T. P. A. (2007). Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 40(3), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.40.163

Moradi, B., Abbaszadeh, S., Shahsavari, S., Alizadeh, M., & Beyranvand, F. (2018). The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 5(8), 2538-2551. http://www.bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/463

Olokoba, A. B., Obateru, O. A., & Olokoba, L. B. (2012). Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends. Oman Medical Journal, 27(4), 269-273. https://doi.org/10.5001%2Fomj.2012.68

Punthakee, Z., Goldenberg, R., & Katz P. (2018). Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 42, S10-S15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.003

Rao, M. U., Sreenivasulu, M., Chengaiah, B., Reddy, K. J., & Chetty, C. M. (2010). Herbal medicines for diabetes mellitus: a review. International Journal PharmTech Research, 2(3), 1883-1892. https://sphinxsai.com/july-sept_2010_vol2.3/pharmtech/pharmtechvol2.3july-sept210/PT=36%20(1883-1892).pdf

Salleh, N. H., Zulkipli, I. N., Yasin H. M., Ja’afar, F., Ahmad, N., Ahmad W. A. N. W, Ahmad, S. R. (2021). Systematic review of medicinal plants used for treatment of diabetes in human clinical trials: An ASEAN perspective. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 5570939. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5570939

Sicree, R., Shaw, J., Zimmet, P. (2006). Prevalence and projections. Diabetes Atlas, 3, 16-104. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1100877

Simpson, J (Ed.). (2009). Oxford English Dictionary on CD-ROM: including 7000 new words and meanings. Oxford University.

Tardío J, Pardo-De-Santayana, M., Morales, R. J. (2006). Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants in Spain. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 152(1), 27–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00549.x

Tzeng, T. F., Hong, T. Y., Tzeng, Y. C., Liou, S. S., & Liu, I. M. (2015). Consumption of polyphenol-rich Zingiber Zerumbet rhizome extracts protects against the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and retinal inflammation induced by diabetes. Nutrients, 7(9), 7821-7841. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095369

Unwin, N, Whiting, D., Guariguata, L., Ghyoot, G., Gan, D. (2011). IDF diabetes atlas (5th edition). International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium.

Vitalini, S., Iriti, M., Puricelli, C., Ciuchi, D., Segale, A., & Fico, G. (2013). Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)—An alpine ethnobotanical study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(2), 517-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.024

World Health Organization. (2015). Implementing the end TB strategy: The essentials. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/206499/9789241509930_eng.pdf