Economic Impacts of Parental Imprisonment on Left Behind Children: A Quantitative Study in Dir Lower, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/1.2.7Keywords:
Economic Impact, Imprisonment, Parental Imprisonment, Left Behind Children, PovertyAbstract
This study measures the economic impacts and constraints of parental imprisonment over the left-behind children in the District Lower Dir in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The data is collected through the interview schedule prepared in accordance with the Sekaran table (2003) of the standard sample size using the Chi-square test. The findings of the study show a highly significant association between parental imprisonment and their children having difficulty managed their expenses. Similarly, results show a significant association between parental imprisonment and their children’s interest in cellular phones and luxurious equipment and facilities. Additionally, the analysis shows that due to lack of proper supervision, there is a significant association between parental imprisonment and their children’s misuse of the daily expenses of the household. Likewise, the data shows a highly significant association of these children with a lazy attitude toward income generation for the livelihood of their family. Similarly, the assessment shows a significant association of these children having produced economic needs in an illegal method. Furthermore, a highly significant association is found in children of imprisoned parents having a financial background from the middle class thus waste a lot of money in parties and other gatherings with friends.
References
Berry, P. E., & Eigenberg, H. M. (2003). Role strain and incarcerated mothers: Understanding the process of mothering. Women and Criminal Justice 15(1), 101-119.
Bloom, B., & Steinhart, D. (1993). Why punish the children. A reappraisal of the children of incarcerated mothers in America. San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
Boswell, G., & Wedge, P. (2001). Imprisoned fathers and their children. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Cohen, P., & Brook, J. (1987). Family factors related to the persistence of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Psychiatry 50(4), 332-345.
Farrington, D. P., Barnes, G. C., & Lambert, S. (1996). The concentration of offending in families. Legal and Criminological Psychology 1(1), 47-63.
Fishman, L.T. (1990). Women at the Wall: A Study of Prisoners’ Wives Doing Time on the Outside. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Greene, S., Haney, C., & Hurtado, A. (2000). Cycles of pain: Risk factors in the lives of incarcerated mothers and their children. The Prison Journal 80(1), 3-23.
Hairston, C. F. (1998). The forgotten parent: Understanding the forces that influence incarcerated fathers' relationships with their children. Child Welfare 77(5), 61-67.
Hall, M. (2000). Left in Limbo: The Experiences of Republican Prisoners’ Children Island Pamphlets No. 31. Newtownabbey: Island Publications.
Healy, K, Foley, D. and Walsh, K., (2000). Parents in Prison and Their Families: Everyone’s Business and No-one’s Concern, Brisbane: Catholic Prison Ministry.
Hogan, J. & Dinovitzer, R. (1999). Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment for Children, Communities and Prisoners Chicago: University of Chicago.
Howard, S. (2000). Fathering behind bars. In Focus on Fathering Symposium at 7th AIDS Conference.
King, D. (2002). Parents, Children and Prison: Effects of Parental Imprisonment on Children. Reports, 4.
Mumble, C. J. (2000). Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Incarcerated Parents and their Children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice [August 2000, NCJ 182335].
Phillips, S. D., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G. P., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2006). Disentangling the risks: Parent criminal justice involvement and children's exposure to family risks. Criminology and Public Policy 5(4), 677-702.
Reed, D., & Reed, E. (1997). Children of Incarcerated Parents. Social Justice, 24(3), 152-170.
Rosenberg, J. (2009). Children need dads too: children with fathers in prison. Human rights and refugees publications.
Schafer, N. E., & Dellinger, A. B. (2000). Jailed parents: An assessment. Women and Criminal Justice 10(4), 73-91.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Method for Business Skill Building Approach (4th Edition). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Seymour, C. (1998). Children with Parents in Prison: Child Welfare Policy, Program, and Practice Issues. Child Welfare 77(5), 469-493.
Shaw, R. (1987). London, Hodder and Stoughton, and “Prisoners’ Children: What are the Issues? London; Routledge.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Majid Khan, Khalid Khan, Ihsan Ullah Khan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please click here for details about the LASSIJ's Licensing and Copyright policies.