Impact of regional cultures on business performance of women entrepreneurs with reference to small and medium enterprises in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.13Keywords:
entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurship, business performance, women’s business, small and medium enterprises, SMEs, Hofstede modelAbstract
Women entrepreneurs’ role is considered crucial for the overall economic development and growth. Entrepreneurship is embedded in the cultural norms and values of the society, and it affects the way individual define their behaviour, activities in terms of risk taking proactiveness. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the two cultural dimensions of Hofstede’s model i.e., Masculinity and Individualism on the business performance of women entrepreneurs with special reference to small and medium enterprises. The Masculinity side of this dimension represents a preference in society for achievement while individualism indicates greater importance on attaining personal goals. The study intends to analyze the relationship of women entrepreneurship with cultural dimensions, Individualism and Masculinity in Pakistan’s two culturally diversified regions, Gilgit-Baltistan and Islamabad, home to large numbers of women entrepreneurs. To capture the diversity of these regions by using the technique of purposive sampling, a sample of 374 was collected, 51% participants from the capital city and 49% belonged to Gilgit-Baltistan. The findings indicate that regional cultures within the context of Masculinity and Individualism have significant but antagonistic influences on the business performance of women entrepreneurs.
References
Adkins, C. L., Samaras, S. A., Gilfillan, S. W., and McWee, W. E. (2013). The relationship between owner characteristics, company size, and the work–family culture and policies of women?owned businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(2), 196-214. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jsbm.12014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12014
Autio, E., Pathak, S., & Wennberg, K. (2013). Consequences of cultural practices for entrepreneurial behaviors. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(4), 334-362. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2013.15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2013.15
Alexandre-Leclair, L. (2014). Diversity as a motive for entrepreneurship?: The case of gender, culture and ethnicity. Journal of Innovation Economics, 157. https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.014.0157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.014.0157
Azmat, F. (2013). Sustainable development in developing countries: The role of social entrepreneurs. International Journal of Public Administration, 36(5), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2012.756891 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2012.756891
Beugelsdijk, S. (2007). The regional environment and a firm’s innovative performance: a plea for a multilevel interactionist approach. Economic Geography, 83(2), 181-199. doi/abs/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00342.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00342.x
Bogan, V., and Darity Jr, W. (2008). Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(5), 1999-2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.10.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.10.010
Brush, L. H., & Domski, P. S. (2013). Uncertainty Analysis of Actinide Solubilities for the WIPP CRA-2014 PA. Analysis report, February, 22, 2013. https://wipp.energy.gov/library/CRA/CRA-2014/References/Others/Brush_Domski_2013c_ERMS559278.pdf
Castaño, M. S., Méndez, M. T., and Galindo, M. Á. (2015). The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1496-1500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.040
Chavan, V. M., & Murkute, P. A. (2016). Role of women entrepreneurship in Indian economy. International Journal of Science Technology and Management, 5(3), 604-612. http://www.ijstm.com/images/short_pdf/1459447053_1204B.pdf
Chawla, A., & Sujatha, R. (2015). Women Entrepreneurship: Culture and Norms–An Indian Perspective. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research.
Claval, P. (1995). Space and creativity. Belle Epoque. Paris: Genesis of a World-class artistic centre. In Geography, history and social sciences (pp. 133-142). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1681-9_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1681-9_9
Davis, J. L., Bell, R. G., Payne, G. T., & Kreiser, P. M. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The moderating role of managerial power. American Journal of Business. https://doi.org/10.1108/19355181201000009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/19355181201000009
Efrat, K. (2014). The direct and indirect impact of culture on innovation. Technovation, 34(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2013.08.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2013.08.003
Goby, V. P., & Erogul, M. S. (2011, July). Female entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates: Legislative encouragements and cultural constraints. In Women's Studies International Forum, 34(4), 329-334. Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.04.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2011.04.006
Hayton, J. C., & Cacciotti, G. (2013). Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(9-10), 708-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.862962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.862962
Hayton, J. C., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioural research. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 26(4), 33-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600403
Hechavarria, D. M. (2016). The impact of culture on national prevalence rates of social and commercial entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(4), 1025-1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0376-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0376-1
Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(80)90013-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(80)90013-3
Hofstede, G., Garibaldi de Hilal, A. V., Malvezzi, S., Tanure, B., & Vinken, H. (2010). Comparing regional cultures within a country: Lessons from Brazil. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(3), 336-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359696
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's recent consequences: Using dimension scores in theory and research. International Journal of cross cultural management, 1(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/147059580111002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/147059580111002
Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative science quarterly, 35(2), 286-316. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393392 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393392
Hofstede, G. (2002). Dimensions do not exist: A reply to Brendan McSweeney. Human relations, 55(11), 1355-1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267025511004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702055011921
Ibrahim, O. A., Devesh, S., & Ubaidullah, V. (2017). Implication of attitude of graduate students in Oman towards entrepreneurship: an empirical study. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 7(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-017-0066-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-017-0066-2
Jennings, J. E., and Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663-715. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2013.782190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.782190
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1996). Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2007/07/using-the-balanced-scorecard-as-a-strategic-management-system
Khan, R. E. A., & Aslam, I. (2017). Child immunization in Pakistan: Socio-institutional and regional aspects. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 5(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.8/2017.5.1/8.1.49.56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.8/2017.5.1/8.1.49.56
Kibler, E., Kautonen, T., & Fink, M. (2014). Regional social legitimacy of entrepreneurship: Implications for entrepreneurial intention and start-up behaviour. Regional Studies, 48(6), 995-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.851373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.851373
Kokab, F., Greenfield, S., Lindenmeyer, A., Sidhu, M., Tait, L., & Gill, P. (2020). Social networks, health and identity: exploring culturally embedded masculinity with the Pakistani community, West Midlands, UK. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09504-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09504-9
Lourenço, F., Sappleton, N., Dardaine-Edwards, A., McElwee, G., Cheng, R., Taylor, D. W., & Taylor, A. G. (2014). Experience of entrepreneurial training for female farmers to stimulate entrepreneurship in Uganda. Gender in Management: An international journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-05-2013-0054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-05-2013-0054
Lima, D. A., & Ehrl, P. (2018, November, 28). Individualistic culture and entrepreneurial opportunities. https://www.academia.edu/download/58115309/Empreendedorismo_-_20181121.pdf
Liñán, F., and Fernandez-Serrano, J. (2014). National culture, entrepreneurship and economic development: different patterns across the European Union. Small Business Economics, 42(4), 685-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9520-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9520-x
Mazumdar, M., & Ahmed, M. (2015). Empowerment of rural woman through entrepreneurship. International Research J. of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 165-172. http://oaji.net/articles/2015/1707-1424927854.pdf
Meyer, V., Tegtmeier, S., and Pakura, S. (2017). Revisited: how gender role stereotypes affect the image of entrepreneurs among young adults. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(4), 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-07-2017-0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-07-2017-0031
Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2011). The evolution of Hofstede's doctrine. Cross cultural management: An international journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601111104269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601111104269
Morris, S. L., & Bergh, S. V. D. (1993). Lyman Alpha absorption and Tidal Debris. Arxiv Preprint Astro-Ph/9311065. https://doi.org/10.1086/174176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/174176
Muhammad, N., McElwee, G., and Dana, L. P. (2017). Barriers to the development and progress of entrepreneurship in rural Pakistan. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 23(2), 279-295. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-0246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2016-0246
Naidu, S., Chand, A., and Southgate, P. (2014). Determinants of innovation in the handicraft industry of Fiji and Tonga: an empirical analysis from a tourism perspective. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 8(4), 318-330. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2013-0033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-11-2013-0033
Ndour, M., & Alexandre-Leclair, L. (2015, September). Community Groups and Female Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: A Study of a Senegalese Case. In European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (p. 485). Academic Conferences International.
Parker, B. J. (2010). A conceptual framework for developing the female entrepreneurship literature. https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/12805
Rajh, E., Budak, J., and Ani?, I. D. (2016). Hofstede's Culture Value Survey in Croatia: Examining Regional Differences. Društvena Istraživanja: ?asopis za Op?a Društvena Pitanja, 25(3), 309-327. https://doi.org/10.5559/di.25.3.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5559/di.25.3.02
Ratten, V., and Welpe, I. M. (2011). Community-based, social and societal entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.580159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.580159
Rosique-Blasco, M., Madrid-Guijarro, A., and García-Pérez-de-Lema, D. (2016). Entrepreneurial skills and socio-cultural factors: An empirical analysis in secondary education students. Education and Training, 58(7/8), 815-831. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2015-0054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2015-0054
Said, H., Ahmad, I., Yusof, M. A. M., and Jusoh, A. (2015). Assessing the role of higher education in developing social entrepreneurship in Malaysia: A review of literature. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 583-587 http://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/5849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2p583
Salis, G., & Flegl, M. (2021). Cross-Cultural Analysis of Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship. Changing Societies & Personalities, 5(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2021.5.1.123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2021.5.1.123
Schein, E. H. (1988, October). Organizational socialization & profession of management. MIT Sloan Management Review. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/organizational-socialization-and-the-profession-of-management/
Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F. (2012). Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: The role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 36(3), 465-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00509.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00509.x
Stevenson, H. H., and Jarillo, J. C. (2007). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. In Entrepreneurship (pp. 155-170). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8_7
Stephan, U., & Uhlaner, L. M. (2010). Performance-based vs socially supportive culture: A cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8), 1347-1364. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.14
Storey, D. J., and Greene, F. J. (2010). Small business and entrepreneurship. Financial Times Prentice Hall. http://webcat.warwick.ac.uk/record=b2324665
Swanson, K. K., and DeVereaux, C. (2017). A theoretical framework for sustaining culture: Culturally sustainable entrepreneurship. Annals of Tourism Research, 62, 78-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.12.003
Sweida, G. L., & Wood, J. A. (2015). Comparing the development of entrepreneurial self-efficacy of female entrepreneurs in male- and female-dominated industries. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(03), 1550018. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1084946715500181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946715500181
Sousa, A. M. R., Bizarria, F. P. D. A., Lima, A. O., Brasil, M. V. D. O., & Fontenele, R. E. S. (2017). Topophilic feelings and their relationships with entrepreneurial attitude and intent. Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa, 16(3), 233–253. https://doi.org/10.21529/recadm.2017015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21529/RECADM.2017015
Swierczek, F. W., & Ha, T. T. (2003). Entrepreneurial orientation, uncertainty avoidance and firm performance: an analysis of Thai and Vietnamese SMEs. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000003101299393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000003101299393
Tahir, R., & Baradie, M. E. (2019). Behind the veil: the challenges and impediments encountered by women entrepreneurs in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 11(3), 258. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijev.2019.101397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2019.101397
Tlaiss, H. A. (2014). Women’s entrepreneurship, barriers and culture: insights from the United Arab Emirates. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(2), 289-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355714535307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355714535307
Toghraee, M. T., and Monjezi, M. (2017). Introduction to Cultural Entrepreneurship: Cultural Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(4), 67-73.
Turker, D., & Selçuk, S.S. (2009). Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142-159 https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049
Vossenberg, S. (2013). Women Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries: What explains the gender gap in entrepreneurship and how to close it. Maastricht School of Management Working Paper Series, 8, 1-27.
Werbel, J. D., and Danes, S. M. (2010). Work family conflict in new business ventures: The moderating effects of spousal commitment to the new business venture. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 421-440. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00301.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00301.x
Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Lee, S. H., and Bo Chen, L. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation, organizational learning, and performance: evidence from China. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 35(2), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00359.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00359.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Sana Mukarram, Rida Fatima Akhtar Shamsheri, Dr. Shaheryar Naveed, Aleena Mukarram
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please click here for details about the LASSIJ's Licensing and Copyright policies.
