Reinventing the Identity and Interests: Pakistan and the Middle East (1971 to 1979)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.19Keywords:
Identity, National Identity, National Interests, Indo-Pak War, 1971 War, Arab-Israel War, Middle East, OIC, Bhutto Rule, Muslim WorldAbstract
Pakistan's territorial mutilation in the 1971 war with India was the utmost military, psychological and political disaster for Pakistan. Pakistan lost its Eastern wing and more than ninety thousand soldiers, civilians, civilians, and along with the territory, all the same to India. In the prevailing uncertainty, Pakistan vigorously asserted its Islamic Identity to foster its moral, economic, and political interests to revive from the loss. It looked towards the Middle East to revive its national identity and interests' fulfilment. During the Seventies, political changes within the Middle Eastern region were also favourable and useful for promoting Islamic ideology and shared identity. There was much scope to achieve ideological, strategic, economic, and foreign policy objectives that Pakistan missed in the past. The new Pakistani civilian government under Bhutto arranged shuttle diplomacy overtures the Middle Eastern Muslim countries to convince them to help Pakistan rebuild its identity and achieve its interests. Bhutto was one of the principal architects of the newly charged Muslim unity. He skilfully and effectively used the OIC platform to guard the country's identity and interests.
Metrics
References
Ahmed, K. (2011). Sectarian war: Pakistan's Sunni-Shia violence and its link to the Middle East. Oxford University.
Asad, M. (1980). The Qur'an (3:103). The Message of the Qur'an. (Translation). Dar al-Andlus. http://www.muhammad-asad.com/Message-of-Quran.pdf
Bean, L. L. (1967). Demographic aspects of potential labour force growth in Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
Bennett-Jones, O. (2020). The Bhutto dynasty the struggle for power in Pakistan. Yale University.
Bhargava, G. S. (1983). South Asian security after Afghanistan. Lexington Books.
Bhutto, Z. A. (1976). Thoughts on some aspects of Islam. Reproduced by S. H. Panhwar. http://sanipanhwar.com/Thoughts%20on%20some%20aspects%20of%20Islam%20by%20Zulfikar%20Ali%20Bhutto.pdf
Bhutto, Z. A. (1977). The Third World: New Directions. Quartet Books.
Burke, S. M. (1991). Pakistan's foreign policy: an historical analysis (2nd Ed.). Oxford University.
Burki, S. J. (1984). International migration: implications for labour exporting countries. Middle East Journal, 38(4), 668-684. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4326922
Cohen, S. P. (2006). The idea of Pakistan. Oxford University.
Devji. F. (2013, September 30). Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a political idea. Harvard University.
Ellis, K. C. (1993). Pakistan foreign policy: alternative approaches, (ed.). In Hafeez Malik, Dilemmas of National Security and Cooperation. The McMillian.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1975. National Archives: Commonwealth Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office: South Asia Department: Registered Files (S and FS Series). File FCO 37/1658, FSP 2/2, 1975. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C15095
Gustafson, W. E. (1976). Economic problems of Pakistan under Bhutto. Asian Survey, 16(4), 364-380. http://lcwu.edu.pk/ocd/cfiles/History/Min/His/202/ECONOMICREFORMSOFBHUTTO.pdf
Hyder, K. (1972, November 1). Pakistan under Bhutto. Current History, 63(375), 202. https://search.proquest.com/openview/cea207602adbd770878be52f821420c0/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816367
Hveem, H. (1978). The political economy of third world producer associations. Columbia University.
Iqbal, J. (2003). Islam and Pakistan's Identity. Iqbal Academy Pakistan and Vanguard. https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/932615
Jalal, A. (2014, September 16). The struggle for Pakistan: a Muslim homeland and global politics (First Edition). Harvard University. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674979833
Khan, R. A. (1982, September 16). Security in the Gulf: Pakistani Perspective-II. The Muslim, Islamabad.
Kukreja, V. (2003). Contemporary Pakistan: political processes, conflicts, and crises. Sage.
Laclau, E. & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony, and socialist strategy. Verso.
Lewis, B. (1998). The multiple identities of the Middle East. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Lieven, A, (2011). Pakistan: a hard country. Public Affairs.
Lodhi, M. (2011). Pakistan beyond the crisis state (ed.). Oxford University.
Mujawar, S. H. S. (1996). Religion and politics in Pakistan, 1972-88. Quaid-I-Azam University.
Mustafa, Z. (1975). Recent trends in Pakistan's policy towards the Middle East. Pakistan Horizon, 28(4), 1-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41394759
Nasr, S. A. R. (2001). Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the making of state power. Oxford University.
Pande, A. (2011). Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India, (1st Edition). Routledge, Contemporary South Asia.
Raja, M. A. (2010). Constructing Pakistan: foundational texts and the rise of Muslim national identity, 1857-1947. Oxford University.
Rizvi, H. A. (1993). Pakistan and the geostrategic environment: a study of foreign policy. Palgrave Macmillan.
Rizvi, S. Z. A., Jamil, S., & Shaikh, A. I. (2019). Diaspora, remittances and dependence on Arab countries: a case of Pakistan. Liberal Arts & Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 3(2), 74-84. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/3.2.10
Sattar, A. (2011). Pakistan's foreign policy 1947-2009: a concise history. Oxford University.
Shaikh, F. (2009). Making sense of Pakistan. Columbia University.
Shah, S. M. H. (1996). Religion and politics in Pakistan, 1972-88. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-I-Azam University.
Shahid, M. A. (2000). Pakistan's foreign policy: a reappraisal (2nd Edition). Oxford University.
Sheikh, N. S. (2007). The new politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic foreign policy in a world of states (1st Edition). Routledge Islamic Studies Series.
Shirin, T. K. & (1985). In search of an identity: Islam and Pakistan's foreign policy. In Adeed Dawisha, Islam in Foreign Policy. Cambridge University.
Svante, E. C. (2006). Pakistan foreign policy: Islamic or Pragmatic. In Brenda Shaffer (ed.). The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy. The MIT Press.
Syed, A. H. (1984). Pakistan, Islam, politics and national solidarity, Vanguard.
Talbot, I. (1998). Pakistan: a modern history. C. Hurst & Co.
The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1549886415_632.pdf
The U.S. Department of State, 1976. Executive Order N/A or blank, April 20, 1976.
Vatanka, A. (2015). Iran and Pakistan: security, diplomacy and American influence, I. B. Tauris & Co.
Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge University.
Wertz, F. J. (2011). Five ways of doing qualitative analysis: phenomenological psychology, grounded theory, discourse analysis, narrative research, and intuitive inquiry. Guilford Press.
Wolpert, S. (1993). Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: his life and times. Oxford University.
Wood, L. A., & Kroger, R. O. (2000). Doing discourse analysis: methods for studying action in talk and text. Sage. http://sk.sagepub.com/books/doing-discourse-analysis
Ziring, L. (1980). Pakistan: the enigma of political development. Dawson Westview.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Farrukh Faheem, Abida Bano, Xingang Wang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Licensing & Copyright Policies
Articles in LASSIJ-IDEA are Open Access contents published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) http://
The copyright policy of LASSIJ-IDEA is based on a non-exclusive publishing agreement, according to which the journal retains the right of first publication, but the author(s) are free to subsequently publish their work. The copyright of all work rests with the author(s).
The users may use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article(s) provided that the author(s) are attributed as the original creators and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes, i.e., research or other educational use. Authors are encouraged to familiarise themselves with the various creative commons licenses.
Readers are advised to consult the licensing information embedded in each published work to ensure that they are familiar with the terms of use that apply.
