Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS)
The Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS Asia) is an open-access, online, editorial-reviewed (blind), and peer-reviewed (double-blind) Asia-focused journal with a biannual publication frequency (semi-annual with continuous publications schedule). The primary focus of JHSMS-Asia is on original research and review articles in the fields of economics, commerce, accounting, policy studies, business studies, finance, marketing, supply chain management, human resource management, and human services. The thematic coverage of JHSMS-Asia is extended to the allied fields, promoting relevant and integrated studies of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research from the disciplines of humanities studies, social sciences and management studies. We at the JHSMS-Asia deeply value the diverse expertise of scholars and believe that including multiple academic disciplines helps pool knowledge and research from various fields to address problems more effectively by finding solutions based on new understandings. Founded in 2020 under the umbrella of IDEA Publishers, the JHSMS-Asia provides a publication platform that adheres to an eminent standard of research, ensuring an academic journey that inspires and motivates researchers, scholars, and scientists of national and international repute to produce and publish high-quality work. Our high standards of research and review processes are a testament to our commitment to excellence, instilling confidence among our readers and contributors in the quality of our journal. [Last updated: 11-Jul-2025]
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AI as an active inhabitant of postmodern life: exploring hyperreality and paranoia in the film 2047 Virtual Revolution
The postmodern age is characterised by extreme paranoia in which we are deceived by artificial intelligence. Digitalisation is a central trope of this age, and hyperreality hinders our view of reality. People live in a simulation world where reality and fiction are no longer distinct. Images have become a reality for them. This research analyses the film 2047: Virtual Revolution in relation to Baudrillard’s concept of hyperreality and its connection to paranoia. It further sheds light on the continuous surveillance of artificial intelligence in people's lives. The film reveals that governments, corporations, and artificial intelligence are collaborating to create simulations for people in the form of virtual games. This simulation can also lead to paranoia when people struggle to adjust to the real world and are unable to distinguish between reality and fiction. AI continuously surveils characters in movies. Their locations, IP addresses, and devices, such as phones, are easily traceable. AI plays a significant role in movies, serving as a powerful and all-knowing character. This study presents a future scenario that warrants further investigation by future researchers from a new perspective. It creates awareness among the masses to be critical of the virtual world in which they are living.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sonia Salam, Muhammad Shoaib, Kinza Iftikhar, Umar Shehzad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of consociational theory in the political system of Pakistan from 2008-2013
This study aims to investigate the application of consociational political strategies during the tenure of the Pakistan People’s Party’s Regime from 2008 to 2013. We question the conventional wisdom claimed by different political analysts that, being a heterogeneous society divided into different social segments, consociational theory cannot solve segmental issues in Pakistan. We argue consociational strategy is not irrelevant to Pakistan. The political system of Pakistan experienced a drastic transformation in attitude, style of politics, and even preferences of political elites in the post-Charter of Democracy’s political environment. The leadership of the PPP successfully materialised different aspects of consensual democracy, such as the grand coalition, the supremacy of parliament, segmental autonomy, and proportionality, during its five-year tenure. We also argue that the regime strengthens the parliament and political parties, which are the fundamentals of consociational strategy. The research is qualitative by nature, and a descriptive approach and interpretive methods have been adopted to answer the research puzzles.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kalim Ullah, Ghulam Qasim Marwat , Muhammad Ejaz, Haider Nisar Swati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Life skills development in students at secondary level in Punjab: a need analysis
This work assesses students' life skills development levels and compares the life skills development among students based on gender at the secondary level. The model of social skills development and behaviour (SSDBC), which was given by Kadesjo et al. (2017), was chosen as a theoretical framework. The social skill development and behaviour model consisted of multiple attributes, i.e. empathy, teamwork, emotions, communication, physical appearance, relationships and confidence. The quantitative research paradigm is employed with a descriptive research design, utilising a survey method for data collection. The population of this work consisted of male and female teachers at Punjab government schools. A stratified random sampling technique was applied to select the sample. A 20% sample was taken from each stratum. The Social Skills Development and Behaviour Checklist (SSDBC) was adapted for data collection. Results revealed that the majority of students (62%) possessed above-average life skills. It was also revealed that female students possessed higher life skills than male students, so based on these findings, it was suggested that teachers create a friendly environment in the classes so that all can participate and be interested in activities. Schools may arrange workshops for students on life skills development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sidra Munir, Arshad Iqbal, Quratul Ain Hina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Palestine-Israel conflict: deciphering the fusion of religious beliefs and political realities leading to a turbulent landscape
The Palestine-Israel conflict is a complex issue that might intertwine both the elements of religion and politics. At its core, the issue stems from historical, religious and territorial factors. The dispute is mainly over land that particularly holds immense religious significance both for Muslims and Jews. This paper aims to analyze the dispute, whether the issue involves political struggles to control the land or the factors of religious holiness. The historical insights in this connection would help analyze the issue in depth leading to the present day turbulent conflict since October 2023. A comprehensive approach is needed to address the religious sensitivities of the conflict as well as political realities. The research paper approaches the qualitative design that includes archival research, and content analysis of the relevant literature to gain insights into the complexities of the issue. Whereas, the findings of the research will shed light on the historical roots that led to the conflict. Proposing a path forward such as potential strategies to provide valuable insights for scholars, policymakers and individuals interested in fostering reconciliation and peace in the region, will contribute to the significance of the research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Bacha, Rani Zain, Hoora Khattak, Sadaf Sartaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Measuring the impact of legal frameworks on orphans' access to education in Pakistan: a quantitative analysis
This study investigates the impact of the legal framework on orphans' right to education in Pakistan. It examines the legislative measures designed to safeguard children's access to education, focusing on orphans, the most vulnerable group. The study is grounded in the theoretical framework of children's rights and social justice theories, which highlight the state's responsibility to ensure equal educational opportunities for all children, regardless of their socio-economic status. Additionally, this research analyses constitutional provisions that recognize education as a fundamental right and evaluates how these provisions are implemented in practice. It also investigates how their paternal families and mothers support their educational attainment. Empirical data was collected from orphaned children to assess their access to education and the degree of familial support they receive. This study also explores socio-cultural factors that may affect an orphan's educational opportunities, including the influence of traditional family structures, economic constraints, and social perceptions. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on education equity, legal protection for marginalized children, and policy recommendations for improving access to education for orphans in Pakistan. The findings identified gaps in the legal framework and suggested strategies for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance educational opportunities for orphaned children.
Copyright (c) 2024 Munazza Razzaq, Azizah Mohd, Noraini Md Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating socioeconomic development in the absence of local government in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
This paper examines the extent to which local governance serves as a foundation for socio-economic development at the grassroots level. Local government is pivotal in fostering citizen participation in decision-making processes, promoting community development, enhancing inclusivity, and implementing welfare initiatives. The Gilgit-Baltistan Governance Order 2018 marked a significant legal and political milestone, laying the groundwork for decentralized governance. This study explores the socio-economic development of Gilgit-Baltistan in the absence of a functioning local government system. Data was collected through interviews with key stakeholders, including bureaucrats, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), and local NGOs. The findings reveal that bureaucratic inertia and a lack of political will among leadership have hindered the establishment of a “democratic nursery” in the region. Participants strongly recommend reinstating local governments and delegating powers to these bodies to enhance socio-economic development, enforcing zoning regulations to prevent unregulated development, and preserving green spaces to maintain ecological balance through checks and balances.
Copyright (c) 2025 Usama Majeed, Sumama Madni, Rizwan Ali Shinwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The thematic implications of gender absence in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot: examining the lack of female despondency
This study examines the notable absence of female characters in Samuel Beckett's play "Waiting for Godot" and its implications for contemporary literary discourse. The research explores the following questions: What are the primary reasons for the exclusion of women from the narrative? How does this absence reflect or challenge prevailing gender ideologies within the context of Beckett's existential themes? Through a qualitative analysis of various scholarly interpretations, this paper contrasts feminist theory and psychoanalytic criticism to clarify the potential discriminatory implications of this absence alongside the complex philosophical questions raised by the play. By investigating Beckett's reservations regarding female representation and the historical context of the play's reception, the findings suggest that the omission of female characters serves to reinforce patriarchal structures while also questioning themes of existential despair and waiting. Consequently, the conclusion argues that the absence of women in "Waiting for Godot" is not merely a narrative oversight but a profound commentary on the human condition, prompting viewers to reconsider ideas of gender, power, and existence within this iconic modernist work.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nadia Bibi, Ole Doering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Negotiating and contextualising the meanings of the cultural norms: Ghairat and Pardah among female students at the University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Despite women’s potential role in Pashtun society, their perspectives, epistemes, and interpretations of Pashtunwali remain underrepresented in scholarly literature. This study addresses such a gap by exploring the understanding and interpretation of Pashtunwali through the lived experiences of young Pashtun women at the University of Peshawar. The research specifically focuses on two core values of Pashtunwali: ghairat (honour) and pardah (veil). Ghairat dictates actions to uphold personal and family honour, while pardah refers to gender segregation and modesty. Since the study aims to explore the lived experiences of young, educated Pashtun women, a qualitative approach is adopted, which involves semi-structured interviews with selected educated Pashtun women. The findings reveal that educated women express their agency by identifying with and upholding the principles of Pashtunwali through the negotiation of its meaning. They acknowledge that ghairat and purdah are subject to reinterpretation and adaptation by women within a particular context, thus reflecting the flexible and evolving nature of Pashtunwali. The study indicates that educated Pakhtun women negotiate the meaning of cultural norms previously defined by men. The findings have implications for understanding gender dynamics and cultural identity among Pashtuns, particularly in the context of higher education.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hamza Israr, Muhammad Ayub Jan, Shahzad Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decoding interactions: examine the relationship between top management and organisational culture in Pakistan
This research delves into intricate dynamics between top management behaviour and organisational culture, seeking to decode the nuanced interactions that shape the core fabric of modern enterprises. It examines how organisational cultures and people management affect top management. Through analysis, we explore how top management's actions, decisions, and communication styles reverberate throughout an organisation, influencing its cultural ethos. This research employed a convenience sampling to collect data from workers in first-line, middle, and upper management from pharmaceutical companies. Drawing on a quantitative methodology, to achieve these objectives, the study employs 120 structured questionnaires distributed on scales for data collection, followed by robust statistical analyses using SPSS and PLS software. The study examines real-world scenarios to uncover patterns and insights into how specific behaviours at the executive level impact the values, norms, and practices that define organisational culture. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by evaluating leadership behaviours and their influences on areas of people management and organisational culture. The findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between top management and culture but also offer practical implications for fostering a symbiotic relationship that enhances organisational effectiveness and resilience in today's dynamic business environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sana Gul Shaikh, Dahshilla Junejo, Nazia Dharejo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of religious seminaries in electoral politics: a case study of District Mardan, Pakistan
This paper is an attempt to understand the role of religion and religious seminaries in electoral politics in Shergarh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This paper concentrates on two of the most famous seminaries in the area, which are aligned with Jamiat Ulema Islam and Jamaat-e-Islami. The research seeks to do so by investigating the networks between how these institutions conducted their education and the region's political environment. To achieve the results, this study uses a mixed methods approach with questionnaires as well as in-depth interviews with different stakeholders (students, educators, and local political figures). It provides a full understanding of how religious teachings are related to the political scenario and electoral outcomes. The indoctrination at the seminaries matters to voter behaviour and party preference. These seminaries are important venues for disseminating political messages and framing issues in a religious context that resonates with the local population. This indoctrination within these institutions can directly affect how politics is done and how the elections are conducted. The study makes a further contribution to the understanding of how the process of political socialization takes place in these seminaries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kaleem Ullah, Muhammad Zubair, Najib Ullah, Muhammad Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of social media influencers on purchase intention: examining the mediating role of credibility in Sindh, Pakistan
Social media influencer marketing is a brand-new digital marketing tool where influencers shape consumers’ perceptions of products, services, and brands. They can influence buying behaviour by posting images, reviews, and personal experiences on social media. Over the past few years, consumers have significantly become aware of influencers. This research paper aims to identify the numerous characteristics of influencers affecting social media, influencing their credibility and consumer intentions towards purchasing in Sindh, Pakistan. Consequently, a framework that shows the connections between trustworthiness and reliability. A framework that can directly impact an influencer’s credibility on social media and an indirect impact on a customer’s intention to make a purchase. Closed-ended survey questionnaires were used to obtain the data, and “purposive sampling” was used to select respondents in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and validity tests were used to conduct and check the hypotheses. Smart-PLS was applied to the data collected for a detailed analysis. The findings of this observation stated that the consumer’s intent to make a purchase is directly affected by the influencer’s credibility on social media. However, expertise had no significant effect on the influencer’s credibility, but it indirectly impacted a consumer’s purchase intention.
Copyright (c) 2023 Saadia Pervaiz, Sheema Khan, Madiha Ahmed Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring bilingualism as a pedagogical tool for enhancing English language teaching: a case study of Pakistan's intermediate colleges
This study examines the role of bilingualism as a facilitative tool in English language teaching (ELT) at the intermediate level in Pakistan. It challenges the prevailing assumption that the use of L1 in ESL (English as a Second Language) classes limits students’ communicative abilities, proposing instead that strategic use of bilingualism aids in the L2 acquisition process. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates qualitative and quantitative data collected from 65 in-service English teachers across 10 government colleges. The Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM) by Kroll and Stewart (1994) underpins the theoretical framework. The findings indicate that limited and contextually appropriate use of L1 enhances comprehension, provides motivation, and facilitates complex L2 instruction. Contrary to the notion of “no L1 in L2 classes,” the study advocates a balanced use of bilingualism, highlighting its potential benefits for improving ESL teaching methodologies. This research calls for broader acceptance of bilingual practices in ESL settings and suggests implications for future pedagogical strategies in similar educational contexts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Arshad, Nazish Khan, Syed Naeem Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
International drug trafficking: a case study of the South Asian region
The complex dynamics of international drug trafficking in South Asia, a region characterized by diverse cultures, socioeconomic difficulties, and complex geopolitical landscapes, are examined in this paper. Due to its physical proximity to the Golden Crescent, South Asian nations have emerged as a significant hub for the production and transportation of a variety of illegal substances, most notably opiates. The study evaluates how drug trafficking and regional instability interact, with a particular emphasis on how corruption, poverty, and insurgency support the drug trade. Analyses with adjacent regions show varying regulation strategies and enforcement capacities, while case studies from Afghanistan highlight the effects of drugs on local economies and governments. Additionally, the study investigates how drug trafficking affects the region's socioeconomic development, public health, and security. Along with evaluating the efficacy of present policies and initiatives, the involvement of bilateral and international agencies in the fight against drug trafficking is also evaluated. Lastly, the results highlight the necessity of a thorough, multifaceted strategy to address the underlying causes of drug trafficking in South Asia, focusing on cooperation between regional governments and foreign partners to promote long-term solutions and improve security.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdullah Tariq, Zahoor Khan, Samreen Pervez, Shaheyar Qadeem, Najeeb Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond the screen: a comparative study of the student's perception of online education effectiveness in pre- and post-pandemic times
This research was carried out to compare the effectiveness of online education in pre- and post-pandemic periods as perceived by the students of higher education institutions in developing countries facing financial and technological limitations. For this purpose, time-lagged data from 288 students of higher education institutions were collected and analysed in SPSS version 26 using the paired sample t-test for differences. Using adapted questionnaires, the effectiveness of online education was assessed in terms of blended learning, goal setting, interaction, time management, self-evaluation, learning environment, skills to use online learning tools, quality of learning technologies, and learning motivation. Results indicate that students' perception significantly differs during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period, compared to all dimensions of online education. It was found that the students, teachers, and institutions have acquired the requisite knowledge, skills, and technology during the pandemic. Therefore, the usefulness of online education has improved in the post-pandemic period. These results significantly affect all stakeholders, including students, teachers, researchers, institutions, and policymakers. The study suggests continuing blended learning systems in higher education institutions to ensure extended access to equitable education and the sustainability of online learning practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bushra Qureshi, Najmul Sehr Janjua, Mehnaz Noor, Nazia Habib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An analysis of classroom management challenges to the novice elementary school teachers in Islamabad, Pakistan
This study analysed the classroom management challenges faced by novice Elementary School Teachers (ESTs) who joined the Federal Directorate of Education (FDE), Islamabad, in 2022. The physical, administrative and individual challenges of the classroom were studied. Using a quantitative approach, the research focused on 661 ESTs, consisting of 249 males and 412 females. A stratified sample of 248 teachers (95 males, 153 females) was selected, and data were collected via a self-developed questionnaire. Experts confirmed the instrument’s validity and reliability were measured with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.885. Data analysis revealed that novice teachers face several challenges, including limited classroom space, insufficient furniture, and inadequate resources for science labs. They also face challenges in maintaining discipline, disruptive behaviour, and irrelevant questions from students. Furthermore, individual differences among students due to varying IQ levels, learning interests, and socio-economic backgrounds proved challenging. Overcrowded classrooms hinder novice teachers' ability to focus and provide individual attention. The study concluded that heads of educational institutions must offer consistent guidance and support to newly appointed ESTs, especially during their first year, to improve classroom management skills.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yasir Ahmed, Marium Din https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of project planning and project risk management on project success: moderating role of project managers’ competencies in the construction sector in Afghanistan
This research examines the impact of project planning (ProP) and project risk management (RisM) on project success (ProS) while maintaining project managers’ competencies (PMC) as moderators using resource-based view theory concepts. This research addresses the gap in how ProP and RisM lead to ProS in the presence of a PMC as a moderator in construction-based private organisations. Utilising a convenience sampling technique, data were collected from 249 participants working in construction-based organizations across major cities in Afghanistan. Data were analysed using Smart-PLS and SPSS software. Supporting theories for this study are the theory of knowledge reuse and the social exchange theory concepts. Analysis revealed that ProP significantly and positively impacted ProS. RisM was also found to have a positive effect on project success. The results showed that project managers’ competencies moderated the relationship between ProP and ProS. The findings indicated that PMC moderates the connection between project risk management and ProS. Implementing project planning methodologies, a construction project manager’s competency improves team outcomes through risk management and boosts project success. The study’s limitations, future suggestions, and managerial implications are also discussed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Riazulhaq Fazly, Nafla Raees, Muhammad Qaiser Shafi, Shakir Iqbal, Muhammad Javid Nawaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the impact of poverty on child labour and physical abuse: a study of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan
Children are the next generation of any society. Mentally and physically sound children can ensure a good future for a country. So, governments around the world prioritize their welfare programs for children, but the case in Pakistan is different. They are one of the few marginalised groups which are left at the mercy of cruel people. According to reports, there are 22.8 million children out of school and approximately 12.5 million working as labourers in the job market in Pakistan. Child labour is a sustained menace in a country that has a painful past and a dark future. It has multifaceted causes and implications. This research is undertaken to highlight the causes and implications of child labour and its subsequent impacts on the health of the children involved in the form of physical torture and abuse. The data was collected from key people, including owners of restaurants, workshops, and other such places. During the data collection process, it was revealed that most of the people responded that due to poverty factors, children are forced to join the labour market. They recommend that the government launch more poor-friendly projects, including the Benazir Income Support Program for the uplifting poor.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sumama Madni, Muhammad Ajmal, Alia Fehmi, Rizwan Ali Shinwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Higher education governance in Pakistan: the role and influence of HEC in the post-18th Amendment
In the 18th Amendment in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, the role of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan was limited to the quality standards of higher education and federal institutions and research centres only, as explained in Federal Legislative List I and II. Despite this constitutional constraint, the HEC maintains significant power over the universities and higher education, including policy formation, budgetary administration, and governance. The HEC was established as an advisory body under the HEC Ordinance, 2002. However, its powers have since then expanded its role to that of a quasi-governing organisation. The 2011 Supreme Court decision reaffirmed the HEC's authority under the law, emphasising the necessity of maintaining high educational standards and effective control. This article critically explores the degree of HEC's impact after the 18th Amendment, investigating the conflicts between provincial autonomy and federal monitoring and assessing the ramifications of HEC regulation on Pakistan's higher education environment. The study's findings show that despite the passage of the 18th Amendment, higher education is a more centralised subject controlled by Pakistan's federal government. The provinces, especially Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, possess limited autonomy concerning higher education governance and rely on HEC for higher education governance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jawad Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green HRM practices, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviour in banks of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
The study explores the interplay flanked by green HRM practices (GHRMP) and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in banking institutions in Hyderabad, Pakistan, focusing on the mediating impact of organisational commitment. GHRMP are recognised for promoting environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibility. OCB, reflecting discretionary employee behaviour, is pivotal for organisational success. This research aims to ascertain whether organisational commitment mediates the association between GHRMP and OCB in the banking sector of Hyderabad. Data were collected through closed-ended surveys, employing convenience sampling with 200 questionnaires from banks. Smart PLS software facilitated model development and assumption assessment, while SPSS was used for data analysis. Findings reveal that organisational commitment mediates the relationship between GHRMP and OCB in banking institutions. These results underscore the potential of GHRM to enhance organisational commitment, thereby fostering greater OCB participation among employees. This research contributes to academia by elucidating the connections among bank employee commitment, GHRMP, and voluntary employee behaviour. Banks can use these insights to devise and implement GHRM strategies that support environmental responsibility while enhancing staff engagement and organisational citizenship. Integrating sustainability initiatives into HRM processes can cultivate a culture of organisational citizenship and environmental responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sana Gul Shaikh, Hakim Ali Mahesar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Women agency and provincial autonomy: a study of post-18th Amendment local government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The 18th Amendment to the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, a significant milestone in the country's political landscape, granted the provinces certain political and fiscal powers. This included the right to pass local government legislation and hold local government elections. In the 2015 local government elections in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a remarkable number of women were elected to local councils on gender quota seats (33%). This was a clear testament to the empowering potential of the 18th Amendment. However, despite this progress, the underrepresentation of women in decision-making processes remains a pressing issue. This paper aims to answer how provincial autonomy has contributed to the autonomy and agency of women councillors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study collected data from purposively selected districts, Nowshera, Haripur, and Kohat, through individual interviews using qualitative approaches. The paper strongly advocates that the participation of women councillors in local government necessitates more stringent policy reforms to make the local councils more inclusive towards women as representatives. This stance is crucial and imperative for women's political autonomy and empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abida Bano, Aisha Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of administrative discretion in the coping behaviour of street-level bureaucrats in higher education institutions of Pakistan
Policies are created at the highest level, and street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) implement them at lower levels. SLBs work directly with citizens and exercise significant discretion in their service. According to Lipsky's theory, SLBs face various problems and use multiple coping techniques to deal with them. This study focused on the discretionary powers of the heads of departments (HODs) and the use of coping mechanisms when faced with challenges in enacting the semester system policy. The existing study used the theoretical model of coping mechanisms using a single-case research methodology to investigate the HODs of a prestigious public university's coping behaviour in implementing the semester system. Semi-structured interviews were employed to get the perspectives of HODs in this qualitative research. This study used the classification model of coping families developed by Tummers, Bekkers, Vink, and Michael (2015) and concludes that management has given HODs some task-discretionary authority for carrying out the semester system policy based on thematic analysis. The findings reveal that HODs move against the students rather than towards or away from them in coping behaviour. HODs strictly follow the semester system's policy by adhering to rigid rule-following.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syeda Hania Batool Naqvi, Yaamina Salman, Sobia Hassan, Maryam Gull, Kursat Capraz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effects of military expenditure and inflation on the unemployment in Pakistan
This study examines the effect of inflation and military expenditure on unemployment in the case of Pakistan. This study used the data set from 1972-2021 and, based on the behaviour of the data, employed the ARDL procedure for assessment. This study found that FDI, GDP, inflation, military expenditure, gross capital formation, and human capital have adverse and noteworthy effects on unemployment over a long period. However, the FDI, GDP, military expenditure, gross capital formation, and human capital have an inconsequential impact on the unemployment rate. However, inflation has an adverse and noteworthy effect on unemployment in a short period. Furthermore, there exists a bi-directional causality between military expenditure and unemployment, while there exists no causality between inflation and unemployment, and military expenditure and inflation. This study concluded that the rise in military expenditure and inflation inversely influence unemployment in Pakistan. This study supported the Philips theory in Pakistan that inflation and unemployment have an adverse link. Based on these findings, this study recommended that the government increase military expenditure to maintain peace in Pakistan and minimise inflation and unemployment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hussain Ahmad, Zia Ur Rehman, Abdullah Tariq, Sajjad Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blended learning teacher competencies: exploring the integration of adaptive and technical skills among college teachers in Pakistan
Blended learning is a teaching-learning strategy that combines ICT and other digital learning platforms with traditional classroom settings. Blended learning teacher competencies are required for 21st-century teaching. This study aimed to explore the integration of adaptive and technical skills among college teachers in Pakistan. The International Association for K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL) has listed these skills in the Blended Learning Teacher Competency Framework. Social constructivism and connectivism served as the theoretical framework for this study, demonstrating how learning facilitated by digital networks connects specialised information sets to empower students to take an active role in their education. A descriptive survey research design was employed to gather information from 206 college-level teachers who were chosen randomly. Domains of adaptive and technical skills from the blended teaching competencies framework were used as an adapted questionnaire with 26 statements on a 5-point Likert scale. The results indicate a low number of teachers are using adaptive and technical skills in a blended learning classroom. It is recommended that specialised training by experts in the field be conducted for college teachers to boost personalised teaching skills and technical know-how for adopting blended learning as the 21st-century teaching strategy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Javarea Meer, Wajeeha Aurangzeb, Hifza Mir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Communication skills among prospective teachers: a need analysis for 21st Century university teachers in Islamabad, Pakistan
This study assessed the communication skills among prospective university teachers of the 21st Century. The model of communication skills given by Elizabeth (2009) was selected as a theoretical framework based on seven traits, i.e., building a relationship, opening the discussion, gathering information, understanding students' perspectives, sharing information, reaching an agreement, and providing a conclusion. The researchers used a quantitative approach and a comparative research design. The sample for this research was drawn using a stratified random sampling technique, focusing on a public sector National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad. The sample consisted of 60 teachers from NUML, who were selected randomly. The study assessed the female and male prospective teachers’ communication skills. Data has been collected through classroom observations and teacher feedback. For the validity of the research tool, the researchers consulted experts. The findings of this study show that female teachers have better communication skills than male prospective teachers. This research may contribute valuable information for educational institutions seeking to improve teaching methodologies and enhance the overall quality of language education. Training should encompass the effective use of digital tools, online platforms, and multimedia resources to engage students and facilitate interactive learning experiences.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nadia Masood, Quratul Ain Hina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sapphire stories: the symbolic representation of blue motifs in Islamic architecture of Pakistan
This article focuses on analyzing and exploring the implication of blue motifs in terms of the representation of Islamic architecture in Pakistan. Architecture holds a great deal of importance within every nation's social and cultural domains. In the same way, architecture has played a significant role in dispensing Islam as a religion. The manifestation and reflection of blue motifs are present in various forms, such as formal, structural, and spatial. Moreover, these shapes carry symbolic connotations when presented in the form of ornamentation, geometrical patterns, floral displays, and arabesque. Furthermore, this study provides a valuable contribution to enhancing the awareness of the significance and representation of blue motifs in the Islamic architecture of Pakistan for the research. Secondary and primary data were collected to achieve the objectives of the study. The study concludes that mosques and shrines in Pakistan are loaded with examples in which the representation of blue motifs within the domain of Islamic architecture is quite evident.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Ali, Farwah Batool, Rohail Rahat, Muhammad Furqan Rafique https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The politics of dismissal of the government in Pakistan and the role of the judiciary (1988-1997)
The judiciary’s role is significant in the political and constitutional development of a federal system, as the sustenance of democracy in such countries depends mainly on the independence of the judiciary. This study investigates the judiciary's role in complementing the dictatorial moves of the presidents and non-elected factions against the governments. The 8th Constitutional Amendment shifted the power balance to the President, thus establishing a quasi-parliamentary system. Due to the lack of power balance, the president and the prime minister did not work together to safeguard the national interest. The opposition factions always asked the President to dismiss the government. Instead of serving as a check on the government and providing stability to the democracy, the President used this power to dismantle the setup. In such cases, the judiciary has been asked to exercise the power of judicial review. The judgements of the judiciary in such cases had far-reaching effects on the stability of the political system. While passing the judgement, the judiciary looked at a powerful president rather than the principle of merit and justice. The judiciary upheld majority dismissals, mainly due to the nexus between the military and the President, which shows its weakness vis-à-vis other state institutions.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ashfaq U. Rehman, Taj Muharram Khan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing the impact of climate-driven water stress on agriculture growth of Pakistan
This study was designed to investigate the role of changing climatic conditions on irrigation water security in Pakistan in order to quantify its implications for agricultural growth and, subsequently, the food security of the populace. Developing nations are highly vulnerable to climate crises, and Pakistan, in particular, is among the most vulnerable countries in this context. Over 60 percent of the population in Pakistan directly or indirectly depends on agriculture, which is extremely sensitive to the water stress triggered by escalating temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns. This study follows a quantitative approach, employing RStudio for mediation analysis where correlation, single-factor regression, and two-factor regression techniques were used to quantify the relation under study. The research findings revealed that the changing temperature and precipitation patterns have triggered an increase in water stress, negatively affecting agricultural growth to 13% from 1975 to 2019. This research is significant because it attempts to quantify the share of climatic changes in Pakistan's decreasing agricultural growth, elaborates on the country's current risks and mitigation potential, and puts forward policy recommendations to promote climate-resilient agricultural practices to facilitate adaptation to shifting climate regimes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saira Hafeez, Rashid Aftab, Bilal Mirza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond preparatory year composition: applying e-portfolio to lead EFL students toward writing empowerment in Saudi Arabia
Writing is a crucial output skill that requires various sub-skills, including thinking, analysis, reasoning, arguing, processing, drafting, and concluding. Better writing skills empower a person to convey their message successfully and present or systematically record their ideas. Teachers can teach writing skills as a process rather than a product, which cannot be developed in a semester or program. Teaching writing skills in Saudi Arabia can be challenging due to cultural and linguistic differences (Al-Seghayer,2019). However, paper-based and electronic portfolios can be valuable tools for students to develop their writing skills (Al Badi et al., 2020). The Preparatory Year Program (PYP) at Royal Commission Colleges & Institutes (RCYCI) emphasises writing skills for EFL students and has transitioned from paper-based to online e-portfolios using Blackboard learning platforms. This study involved 970 first-year, second-semester ENG 002 students from the English Department of the RCYCI. Students received writing training using a paper-based portfolio (pre-mid-term) and an e-portfolio (post-mid-term) on Blackboard software. The quantitative data analysis revealed that students’ writing quality significantly improved when taught using the Blackboard-assisted e-portfolio compared to the paper-based portfolio class.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shafiq Ur Rehman, Syed Naeem Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The pronunciation constraints of syllable stress-coloration in Pakistani English
Pakistani English speakers struggle with pronunciation issues due to unfamiliarity with the morphological and phonological aspects of the English language. The challenging aspect of teaching English pronunciation in an ESL environment in Pakistan is pronunciation. The study looks at Pakistani ESL students' pronunciation problems and aims to pinpoint Pakistani English speakers’ pronunciation issues in an ESL setting. This is a descriptive study, and information from ten ESL students is acquired through recording. The study uses the PRAAT as a framework for data analysis and points to the syllable break and stress marking in PE. Based on L1, the speakers were chosen, and only Kashmiri speakers of Pakistani English were included. The study concludes that studying English helps ESL students speak effectively with people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, promoting intercultural understanding and fostering international collaboration. The lack of excitement, self-doubt, willingness, shyness, and language proficiency are the main causes of pronunciation problems. L1 also affects English pronunciation. According to the study, students’ L1 influences lead them to struggle with stress marking, syllabification, and transcription of English words. Additionally, epenthesis, the insertion of a short vowel at the beginning, and improper stress marking were prevalent issues.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahid Hussain Mir, Ayaz Afsar, Ayaz Afsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An evaluative study of the induction policy’s impact on teachers’ performance in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
This research aimed to analyse the performance of teachers who have received a professional educational degree versus those who have not, as per the new induction policy introduced in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2019. Data were collected from 20 male teachers using the nonparticipant observation technique and ten principals via semi-structured interviews. Participants were selected through convenient sampling from 10 different primary schools in the Dir Upper district. The quantitative data were analysed using the independent sample t-test, while thematic analysis was used for the interviewed data. The findings showed a significant difference in teachers' performance with and without professional degrees for teaching and management skills. However, no significant difference was found in teachers' performance with and without professional degrees for discipline and regularity and interpersonal relations between teachers with and without professional degrees. The study suggests that teachers' performance can be improved by providing them with training in a real classroom environment with a robust monitoring mechanism while ensuring high discipline and regularity in the school. Further, to enhance interpersonal relationships, teachers must be educated on the significance of teamwork, cooperative work within the school, integration of modern information and communication technology (ICT), and interactive and student-centred teaching pedagogies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zahid Ullah, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Munir Kayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0