Asian Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (AJSET)
The Asian Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology (AJSET) is an open-access, online, biannual (with continuous publication strategy), editorial-reviewed (blind), peer-reviewed (double-blind), multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Asia-focused journal. AJSET primarily focuses on original research and review articles on sciences, engineering, technology, and allied fields, fostering a collaborative spirit. AJSET believes that including multiple academic disciplines helps pool the knowledge from two or more fields of study to better handle problems by finding solutions based on new understandings. AJSET was initiated in 2022 under the banner of IDEA Publishers to provide a publication platform that adheres to an eminent standard of research for academics and professionals, particularly researchers, scholars, and scientists of national and international repute, recognising their significant contributions to their respective fields. [Last updated: 11-Jul-2025]
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Reference pattern-based data aggregation in a wireless sensor network
Advances in computing hardware have enabled the development of wireless sensors that can detect and report various real-world phenomena in real time. These systems face bandwidth, power, and throughput limitations that restrict the amount of information transmitted end-to-end. Data aggregation is a proven method for addressing these issues. We employ reference pattern-based data aggregation in a wireless sensor network to save energy and reduce redundancy. In traditional data aggregation, each node sends its data to the cluster head, which combines it and forwards it to the base station, consuming more energy. However, in ESPDA, each sensor node creates a pattern code for the sensed data using a lookup table and then transmits it to the cluster head. Pattern codes represent sensed data and are compact. Generating pattern codes from a lookup table poses challenges: first, creating the table requires more computational resources; second, finding critical values in the interval also consumes computational resources and energy. The new proposed mechanism lowers the use of computational and energy resources. We utilized a reference-based approach to generate the pattern codes. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is more energy- and computation-efficient compared to ESPDA.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahir Saleem, Khadija Sarwar, Umar Ayaz Khan, Muhammad Shaheer, Hannan Adeel, Inam ur Rehman Rao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New records of spiders: Araneae, Eresidae, Cheiracanthiidae, Scytodidae from Pakistan
In this study, we confirm the presence of the spider species Cheiracanthium approximatum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885, which has been observed after a 139-year absence. The species is validated based on an established population and an extended distribution, as reported. We also report the rediscovery of a new species, Stegodyphus pacificus Pocock, 1900, after 90 years, recorded, and Dictis striatipes L. Koch, 1872, a species is recorded as new, including the genus Dictis L. Koch, 1872, in the subtropical North-West Hindu Kush sub-mountainous foothills of Peshawar valley, with uneven population. These results reveal that both Sub-continent Eurytopic C. approximatum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885 and Eurasian Eurytopic and D. striatipes L. Koch, 1872 gradually acclimated to habitats. Our findings show that both Cheiracanthium approximatum and Dictis striatipes have adapted well to their environments. The populations we observed are not evenly distributed, highlighting the complex ecology of the area. To help with identification, we have included detailed photographs of these spiders and their reproductive organs. This research enhances our understanding of spider diversity in South Asia and emphasises the need for ongoing studies in less-explored regions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mian Sayed Khan, Pir Asmat Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New records of spiders: Araneae, Pisauridae, Salticidae, and Theridiidae from Pakistan
The genus Emertonella Bryant, 1945, with Emertonella taczanowskii (Keyserling, 1886), is recorded for the first time with stable random population distribution, extension of Chinattus mikhailovi Logunov, 2021 towards the southern part with clump pattern of distribution of population, and Perenethis sindica (Simon, 1897) recorded after 127 years with stable random pattern population distribution from the subtropical to the ecotone of the North-West Hindu Kush Peshawar valley, eurytopic species Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) reported extended distribution from the subtropical to the Pan Hindukush-Himalaya mountains sub-temperate regions. We observed that synanthropic pressure is due to anthropogenic extension displacing or changing the behavioural ecology of these spiders. The authors point out the adverse effects of human activities, such as habitat destruction and agriculture, which threaten local wildlife and biodiversity. They stress the urgent need for more studies on spiders in Pakistan to fill the gaps in our understanding of the distribution of species in Eurasia. The research involved actively collecting specimens and closely examining them better to understand the patterns in their distribution and ecological roles. The findings call for conservation efforts in the biodiversity-rich Hindu Kush region of Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mian Sayed Khan, Abdul Baset, Pir Asmat Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the role of green infrastructure for planning flood resilient cities: a case study of Peshawar, Pakistan
Rapid urbanisation and the worsening effects of climate change are the primary causes of urban flooding, which is becoming an increasingly serious global issue. Flood risks have increased in developing countries due to deteriorating infrastructure, intensifying precipitation, unchecked urban growth, and ineffective stormwater management. Major Pakistani cities, such as Peshawar, experience urban flooding, which damages infrastructure, disrupts the economy, and negatively affects livelihoods. Using Khamosh Colony as a representative example of one of the urban flooding hotspots, this study explores how Green Infrastructure (GI) can enhance urban flood resilience in Peshawar. The effectiveness of both standalone and combined GI interventions in addressing floods under rainfall events with a 5-year return period was simulated using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). While community preferences were gathered through surveys conducted using the Kobo Toolbox platform with over 400 respondents, economic feasibility was evaluated using MRS 2024. The most successful solutions were permeable pavement and a combination of permeable pavement and bioretention. This study provides stakeholders with a clear understanding of flood scenarios, both before and after GI implementation. This method encourages strategic investment in climate-resilient infrastructure and informs participatory planning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Shujaat Ali Shah, Syed Akhtar Ali Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the engineering design and computational analysis: a case study of Machai micro-hydropower plant, Mardan, Pakistan
Hydroelectric power generation is one of the most significant and dependable renewable energy sources for Pakistan. With a few minor adjustments and a range of design options, micro hydropower plants may be built on an existing canal to restore or boost irrigation water delivery and generate electricity by choosing the appropriate turbine. The design of the Machai hydropower plant was examined in this study using the Manning equation to establish the power canal's design specifications. The Manning roughness coefficient is calculated to find the section factor. Hydraulic mean depth, top width, height, area, and channel width may all be determined using the section factor. Based on the outcomes of the TURBNPRO program, the Kaplan turbine installed in the powerhouse was selected. To evaluate the stability of embankments, SLIDE software was employed. The study concludes that micro-hydropower is a technically viable and environmentally friendly method of producing electricity in remote areas. Particularly for isolated off-grid locations, Machai and other micro-hydropower devices provide a cost-effective and ecologically friendly energy alternative. Compared to diesel generators or coal-fired power plants, micro-hydropower is a more environmentally beneficial choice since it emits no greenhouse gases when in operation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Uzair Ali , Adnan Nawaz, Abdul Basit Mansoor, Arif Usman, Muhammad Junaid Iqbal, Fahad Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-based skin cancer detection algorithms: opportunities, challenges and a way forward
Skin cancer is a significant global health concern. Early and accurate detection is crucial for enhancing patient outcomes. This study conducts an in-depth literature review to identify commonly used Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) variants, datasets, and key evaluation metrics to assess their performance in classifying benign and malignant skin lesions. Widely used CNN architectures, including ResNet, EfficientNet, DenseNet, AlexNet, VGG, GoogleNet, LeNet-5, Xception, and MobileNet were implemented. A comparative analysis is conducted based on metrics such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, recall, and F1-score, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each algorithm. The results show that VGG-16 outperforms other models with an accuracy of 97%, followed by VGG-19 and Mobilenet-v2 with 88%. Lastly, this paper highlights the trade-offs between various metrics, providing critical insights for deploying AI-based skin cancer detection algorithms in clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shaheer, Tayyaba Arooj, Hannan Adeel, Tahir Saleem, Inamur Rehman Rao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation and classification of bone fracture using a deep learning model
Bone fractures represent a large percentage of medical cases worldwide, requiring accurate and precise detection to improve patient results. The current work, therefore, suggests a new deep learning model for detecting and classifying bone fractures from medical images that addresses the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods. Leveraging the power of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), the model learns imaging data, identifies subtle fracture features, and labels them with high accuracy into the pre-existing categories. They trained their model on a comprehensive dataset comprising numerous triaged and undistributable fractures, which was coupled with data augmentation to improve the model’s robustness to variation in clinical presentation. Systematic regularisation strategies applied throughout the training prevented overfitting and improved model generalizability. Preliminary results indicate strong levels of accuracy, suggesting that the model can potentially complement or replace traditional diagnostic pathways. Implementing advanced AI-based systems into clinical workflows may transform radiology by speeding up diagnostic workflows and improving uniformity for identifying fractures. This research represents progress in the science behind automated fracture diagnosis techniques and the importance of artificial intelligence in healthcare, currently in implementing solutions to complex diagnostic challenges and improvements in related patient care outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamran Khan, Ayaz Ali, Abid Haider, Numan Ahmad Khan, Jamil Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of temperature and precipitation variability on the sowing time and pest incidence on late-season gourd in Pakistan
Pakistan is an agricultural country where most people work in the agriculture sector. However, Pakistan’s agriculture industry is being severely impacted by climate change. This study examines the effects of temperature, precipitation, and pest incidence on late-season gourd crops, focusing on the districts of Mardan and Charsadda. Time series data were obtained from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Meteorological Office, while cross-sectional data were gathered by survey questionnaires in the research area. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the effects of temperature and precipitation on the variability of sowing dates and its subsequent impact on the frequency and growth of pests. Temperature rose by 0.15°C/year in Mardan and 0.1°C/year in Charsadda, while rainfall dropped by 1.4 mm/year and 0.9 mm/year, increasing pest damage to 79% and 75%, respectively. The findings indicate that farmers postpone sowing the gourd crop from the first to the last week of September to protect their crops from insect attacks and other damage. This is because the climatic factors (temperature and precipitation patterns) are changing. The primary pest causing significant harm to the gourd crop is the white fly, which spreads the virus known as mosaic viral disease. It is advised to offer heat-tolerant types with a brief lifespan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faryal Bukhari, Saeeda Yousaf, Anis Safir, Taqweem Ul Haq, Sidra Sidra, Fawad Islam, Md Kaium Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fibre reinforcement strategies for enhancing ductile behaviour in concrete elements
Steel is costly and detrimental to the environment when used as a reinforcement. Another technique for reinforcing concrete is fibre reinforcement. Fibre is a small amount of reinforcing material with specific properties. Fibre-reinforced concrete has several uses and is available in several shapes. Cellulose fibre, glass fibre, steel wire fibre and steel raw material have the following percentages: 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1%; 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1%; and 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, respectively. Specific percentages of different fibres, ranging from 0.3% to 1.5%, are employed in this study to assess the ductile behaviour of concrete since the primary objective of utilising these fibres is to enhance the ductile qualities of concrete. The fibre-added specimens are subjected to four distinct kinds of tests. It has been demonstrated that concrete’s flexural strength, split cylinder strength, and double punching strength have increased by up to 28%, 60%, and 93%, respectively, compared to the control mix concrete. Steel and raw material fibre exhibited no detrimental impacts on compression at certain percentages; however, glass fibre and cellulose fibre reinforcements had detrimental effects, reducing the compressive strength by up to 33.5% and 49.3%, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zubair Gulzar, Aqib Ali , Sardar Junaid Asad, Muhammad Shahoon Iqbal , Sami Ullah, Faraz Ali Channa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing thermal stability and viscosity of cellulose ether using propylene carbonate as a transesterification agent for oilfield applications
This study presents the utilisation of Propylene Carbonate (PC), along with an alkali-based solution, to modify the Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose (HEMC) polymer to mitigate the thermal degradation of cellulose ether. The experimental results from FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed the addition of a new function group to the HEMC backbone and the formation of a new organic carbonate-based cellulose ether. Shear viscosity experiments were conducted at concentrations of 0.50-wt.% to 2-wt.% at ambient and elevated temperatures ranging from 80°C-110°C using a rheometer. All polymeric solutions exhibited shear-thinning behaviour, and the viscosity of polymeric solutions was enhanced by increasing the concentration of modified HEMC solutions. The modified HEMC solutions exhibited higher viscosity at 1000 s-1 shear rate at 110ºC compared to the native HEMC solutions, confirming the enhanced thermal stability of the PC-based modified HEMC solution. Alkali-based modified HEMC solution exhibited low shear viscosity at ambient temperature. The alkali-based polymeric solution’s viscosity was increased by 48% at a high shear rate at 110ºC. In conclusion, 0.50-wt.% and 01-wt.% concentration of alkali-based PC-modified HEMC solution proved efficient in maintaining viscosity under ambient conditions, increasing solubility and exhibiting improved thermal stability at geothermal conditions for oil field applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghulam Abbas, Faisal Hussain Memon, Abdul Samad Shaikh, Tariq Ali Chandio, Khalil Rehman Memon, Abdul Haque Tunio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the fidelity of ultrasonic distance sensors in a fire-and-smoke environment
Lack of visibility in fire-and-smoke environments is a major factor that causes operational difficulties, injuries, and loss of life in firefighting. To counter this problem, distance or range-finding sensors are used to detect obstacles or map out the area in fire and smoke environment. These sensors can be mounted on robots assisting firefighting or even firefighters themselves. This paper aims to assess the operational capability of ultrasonic distance sensors in fire-and-smoke environments. Moreover, we investigate how to extract useful information in limiting conditions. Specifically, we design experiments to test Sonar’s range-finding abilities, which are interfered with by burning different types of fuels. The experiments are performed for smoke without flame (smoke pallets), flame without smoke (propanol), and flame with smoke (kerosene) at different distances from Sonar. The results show that Sonar is very effective in smoke because smoke without flame does not increase the air temperature significantly. However, if interference consists of flame, air temperature increases; thus, Sonar outputs erratic data. This study analysed this erratic output of Sonar and provided a filtering algorithm that can eliminate the erratic and stray values from Sonar output and provide valuable information that is helpful in navigation, mapping, or obstacle detection.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shaheer Muhammad, Hannan Adeel, Tahir Saleem Khattak, Inamur Rehman Rao, Shamaila Hayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A systematic review on a comparative study of AI techniques for the classification of brain tumour
This paper explores advances in Machine Learning (MI) techniques for detecting brain tumours using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images. Previous research used a variety of algorithms, although there are disparities in terms of efficacy, reliability, computational complexity, and execution time. An early and exact diagnosis of brain tumours is required to improve treatment success and patient survival. This study thoroughly examines existing MI and newly invented deep learning algorithms, emphasising their performance in detecting, segmenting, and classifying tumour images. Furthermore, it examines the most recent advances in cancer grade classification and segmentation, emphasising the use of MI, digital image processing, and medical experience to increase diagnosis accuracy. Notable models, such as deep neural networks and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), have achieved accuracy rates of 98%, with some models nearing 99%. This study seeks to give a clear roadmap for future research in the rapidly growing field of brain tumour diagnostics, emphasizing the importance of imaging technologies such as MRI and sophisticated computational tools in early identification and treatment planning. The evaluation intends to provide a guide for further investigations in the developing field of brain tumour diagnostics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Laiba Junaid, Javeria Noor, Aqsa Bibi, Jawwad Sami Ur Rahman, Faraz Akram, Shahid Hussain Khan, Sathish Kumar Selvaperumal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing concrete strength through the incorporation of steel nails: a comprehensive engineering analysis
The primary materials utilized in contemporary buildings are concrete and reinforced concrete. Researchers applied many methods to improve their quality and reduce costs by adding additives. The primary focus of this investigation is the compressive strength of concrete. After adding varying amounts of steel nails to the concrete mixture, the ensuing changes in compressive strength are subjected to a comprehensive analysis. Mix design was conducted, and concrete cylinders having a diameter of 4” and height of 8” were produced with varying percentages of steel nails: 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of the cement weight. The mixture was prepared, maintaining a constant water-to-cement ratio of 0.5. The compressive strength of the concrete is measured at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the mixing process. It was determined that steel nail incorporation increased compressive strength. With a 5% mix, the highest strength measured is 4775 pounds per square inch, much higher than the normal strength required for most construction projects. Furthermore, using steel nails led to a cost reduction in concrete of up to 0.5%, alongside a strength enhancement of up to 24% compared to conventional concrete.
Copyright (c) 2024 Faraz Ali Channa, Ans Mehmood, Faizan Anwar, Sardar Junaid Asad, Muhammad Shahbaz, Muhammad Adil Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acaricidal efficacy of Melia azedarach, Olea ferruginea, and Zanthoxylum armatum against Rhipicephalus microplus from District Buner, Mardan, and Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Infestations of Rhipicephalus microplus are common in animals. Due to its evolving resistance to acaricides used to treat this contagious disease, the tick R. microplus causes large losses in livestock animals. Many medicinal plants are alternatives to conventional medications for treating various conditions, including parasitic diseases. To retain the cow herd’s productivity, minimize financial losses, and prevent the misuse of synthetic chemical acaricides, finding ways to reduce R. microplus infestations with herbal acaricides is imperative. Whole-plant extracts derived from Olea ferruginea and Zanthoxylum armatum were collected from Buner, Mealia Azedarach from Nowshera, and prepared plant extract. The female adult ticks were collected from the cattle. These plant extracts were applied against adult female R. microplus, O. ferruginea extract significantly reduced egg laying (P<0.01) and increased oviposition inhibition in adult female ticks at a concentration of 40 mg/mL, as shown in the Adult Immersion Test. In contrast, Z. armatum, M. azedarach extracts, and an isolated substance demonstrated a lower acaricidal effect on adult female R. microplus. To ascertain the proportional contributions of different phytochemicals from whole-plant extracts on acaricidal action, research is needed. Further acaricidal effectiveness testing utilizing cattle infected with R. microplus will be designed in light of these findings.
Copyright (c) 2024 Masood Khan, Muhammad Haris, Muhammad Riaz Khan, Ikhtiar Ali, Nasreen Nasreen, Mohammad Sohail, Shakir Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and development of geothermal-based cooling system for human comfort
In this study, a geothermal cooling system is developed to address extreme heat conditions in regions like Nawabshah, Pakistan, by utilising the earth’s stable underground temperature. This system uses ground-source cooling, powered by a 12V solar PV system or battery, as a low-energy alternative for areas with a limited electricity supply. The experiment demonstrates that a geothermal cooling system could help redress indoor temperatures by up to 16°C during peak summer, resulting in a lower grid-connected or fossil fuel-based cooling system requirement. The results obtained through this study suggest a significant reduction in indoor temperature, ultimately enhancing comfort levels and reducing the reliance on conventional cooling systems like air conditioning. Moreover, the system design is easily adaptable to other regions with similar climates, highlighting its potential for widespread use. However, pipe configuration optimisation is needed to minimise costs and maximise heat transfer rate. This research emphasises geothermal technologies' potential as a cost-effective cooling system, ultimately reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gordhan Das Valasai, Abdul Waheed Mahar, Muhammad Nawaz Chandio, Abdul Azeem Kumbhar, Atique Ur Rehman Qureshi, Shauad Ahmed Shaikh, Stefano Landini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stabilization strategy of normal and chrome tanning effluent mixed subsoil: a novelty to enhance the soil characteristics
Soil stabilisation is a unique method to effectively and accurately find a solution to the issues caused by loose subsoil. This research investigates the problems of uncontrolled industrial effluent disposal, mainly from tannery enterprises, which presents severe environmental problems in emerging nations due to soil properties changing and large regions being unfit for cultivation and human habitation. The study uses Atterberg's limits, sieve analysis, and direct shear testing to examine the effects of untreated tannery effluents on soil parameters. The findings show that the soil's shear strength, moisture content, and flexibility have all significantly decreased. Lime and waste stone powder were added to lessen these impacts, and this improved soil stability was shown by an increase in the values of all the variables. For efficient soil remediation, the study suggests using waste stone powder and lime in the following proportions: 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%. Combining lime stabilisation methods with industrial by-products like slag and fly ash opens up new possibilities for enhancing the geotechnical characteristics of polluted soils. This study emphasises how important it is to use customised geotechnical design techniques to handle soil contamination issues in infrastructure and foundation projects, especially in areas where the leather industry predominates.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lutufullah Muzammal, Saad Zaheer, Usman Saif, Naheed Akhtar, Abdul Aleem , Sikander Zaman Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the fundamental properties and MGF of a 3-component mixture of power distributions: a simulation study
This paper estimates the parameters of the 3-component mixture of power distributions. The expressions of fundamental properties of the said distribution are presented, and for judgment, the numerical results of mean, median, variance, mode and skewness are evaluated. The closed-form expressions of the reliability properties, the statistical properties and necessary inequality measures are discussed. The trend of reliability measures is shown with the help of numerical results and graphs by taking different values of parameters and proportion parameters. The mathematical expressions of certain related statistical functions are derived from the reliability functions, the moment generating function, the characteristics function, the probability generating function, and the factorial moment generating function. The expressions of essential entropies, Shannon’s entropy, the B-entropy and Renyi’s entropy, are derived. The mathematical expressions of inequality indexes, the Gini index, the Lorenz curve, the Bonferroni curve, the Zinga index, the Atkinson index and the generalized entropy index are also analysed. The RF, the HRF, the CHR, the RHR, the MRL, and the MWT functions are derived in reliability analysis. The numerical values and graphs for different parameters and proportion components are discussed to judge the behaviour of reliability properties.
Copyright (c) 2024 Umar Waqas, Nazakat Ali, Hafiz Bilal Ahmad, Amir Shahzad, Suhail Ashraf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the role of nanoparticle additives in reducing emissions in compression ignition engine
The paper discusses the growing environmental issues caused by vehicle emissions, leading many countries to tighten their emission standards to reduce the harmful gases released by motor vehicles. This is especially important as urbanization has increased, leading to more consumption of petroleum products. As a result, there is a growing need for cleaner, more sustainable fuel alternatives. Biodiesel has been recognized as a potential solution since it is renewable, non-toxic, and less environmentally harmful than traditional diesel. The study in question explores how adding biodiesel and nanoparticles affects diesel engine performance, particularly in terms of noise and particulate matter emissions (small particles of pollution). The research was carried out using a compression ignition engine (like those found in diesel vehicles) under constant RPM (revolutions per minute) and variable loads (changes in engine stress or power requirements). The results showed that when biodiesel was blended with nanoparticles and used as fuel, there was a noticeable reduction in noise levels, carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter emissions compared to regular diesel. This suggests that biodiesel, especially when enhanced with nanoparticles, can effectively lower the harmful effects of diesel engines on the environment, offering a greener and quieter alternative.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Siddique Baloch, Zohaib Khan, Sher Muhammad Ghoto, Sajjad Bhangwar, Arif Ali Rind, Irfan Gul, Muhammad Ramzan Luhur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of GPS TEC anomalies associated with Mw > 7 earthquakes in Japan
The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides insights into the Earthquakes (EQs) ionospheric anomalies. Different space-and-ground parameters are used to observe EQ precursors. This paper uses the Total Electron Content (TEC) from nearby operating GPS stations to detect perturbation in the ionosphere before and after four EQs in Japan in 2011. In addition, the TEC variations in relation to the depth and magnitude of the EQs are noticed. The analysis shows significant variations in TEC to depth and magnitude in association with each main shock. TEC value abruption starts on 8 March and continues for 6 days in March. In April, TEC abnormalities start 5 days before and after the man shock. The geomagnetic Kp index is higher than four from March 10 to 12. The anomalies in this study are clearly associated with geomagnetic storms, as the Kp index is active. Moreover, the Dst index is below the negative 50 (nT) in the seismic period of March and April. The ionosphere parameters will define the severity of seismic activity in future.
Copyright (c) 2023 Asim Khan, Munawar Shah, Sajjad Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Revealing the gap between modernism and parametricism in architecture
Examining the relationship between humans and the natural world and the effects of interaction between them has deep roots in our understanding of society and culture. Cities, therefore, are a direct reflection of their citizens, as expressions of their architecture directly influence the living conditions of their people. The gap between architectural design ideas and their interpretation in a real built environment can be addressed differently by the opposite process and effect. Parametric design strategies propose manageable and flexible solutions at an early-stage process that respond to given conditions and outcomes. A method in designing buildings and other architectural forms, parametric modelling techniques often result in certain distinctive formal expressions that attract attention to themselves. This article describes how formal representation of this sort affects how things appear to the eye. However, during the design process, this issue is not considered objectively. One may now explore several design choices quickly and easily with the help of parametric design. The research explores the potential of using this technology to parameterise a constructed space’s formal look, which would then affect how people perceive it and their decisions in the future, leading to a more comprehensive approach to build-space design.
Copyright (c) 2022 Qasim Ali Shah, Ihteram Ali, Muhammad Zeeshan Khan, Zineb Hanine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative security solutions: context-aware facial recognition system using VB.NET
A sophisticated VB.NET intelligent security system is presented in this paper to meet the needs of comprehensive security surveillance in varied contexts. The system's context-aware architecture lets it adapt to environmental changes and assess user activity for better security. The system uses real-time data to reduce false alarms and ensure fast security measures using reactive alerts and reaction processes. The system's novel security features, built on VB.NET, provide flexibility and quick reactions to emerging threats. This research shows that intelligent security monitoring technologies have achieved a peak, with excellent performance, and are ready for implementation in controlled-access public spaces. The system reacts to the surroundings and detects the subject behaviour. The system may now access new conceptual words for security issues that demand more focused solutions. A system with capabilities encourages security protocol innovation and maintains secure public spaces. This innovative technique increases security, scalability, and future flexibility for security systems. In the hunt for creative, secure areas with intelligent monitoring and danger detection, the example of an intelligent security system is impressive.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ammad Hussain, Muhammad Azam, Shehr Bano, Ahmad Nasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the most common type of diabetes. The main adverse effect of diabetes type 2 involves a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Diabetes patients with this type are more likely to suffer cardiovascular problems. Consequently, this study investigated demographics, CVR factors, age, gender, physical activity, BMI, hemodynamics, HbA1c stage, and lipid profile of 120 patients with type 2 diabetes in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The current study covered 120 patients with type 2 diabetes, out of which 40 were male (33.3%) and 80 were female (66.6%), aged 50 to 70. Out of these 120 patients, 17 (14.1%) had coronary artery disease, 15 (12.5) had atherosclerosis, and 8% (6.6) experienced a stroke, according to the findings. Approximately 37.5% of patients had overweight obesity, 54% had poor diabetes control, and 10% had reasonable control based on their HbA1c readings. Furthermore, 55% were hypertensive, and around 12.5% had both macro and microvascular problems. In general, around 33.3% of all Type 2 DM patients have cardiovascular diseases (CVD), indicating that patients with Type 2 DM have a greater risk of increasing CVD. As a result, proper strategies should be implemented to avoid catastrophic outcomes and disease development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hafsa Aleemuddin, Javed Iqbal, Bakhtawar Soomro, Shakeel Ahmed Memon, Nighah Fatima, Asim Patrick, Bilal Hussain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The first report of Chiloloba acuta (Wiedemann, 1823) from Sindh, Pakistan
The study was conducted between 2021 and 2022 to investigate the dung beetle species in the Sindh province of Pakistan. A total of 31 specimens of dung beetle specimens were collected from various locations across 15 districts within the province. The specimens analysed in this study belonged to the genus Chiloloba. The study yielded significant findings, as it reported the presence of a single species within the genus Chiloloba, namely Chiloloba acuta (Wiedemann, 1823), which had not been previously documented in Pakistan. This discovery marks the first record of Chiloloba acuta within the country. In addition to identifying the species, the study provided a comprehensive morphological description of Chiloloba acuta. This description included detailed information about the physical characteristics and features of the species, allowing for better understanding and classification. Furthermore, the study investigated the distribution of Chiloloba acuta within the Sindh province, providing insights into its geographic range and potential habitat preferences. Overall, this study contributes to the knowledge of dung beetles in Pakistan, specifically in the Sindh province. The identification and documentation of Chiloloba acuta expands the understanding of biodiversity in the region and highlights the importance of ongoing research in documenting and preserving unique species.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mehtab Ali Mahar, Waheed Ali Panhwar, Abdul Manan Shaikh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenotypic plasticity in grasshoppers and locusts: a review
Phenotypic plasticity is a crucial adaptation mechanism in the animal kingdom, where a single genotype can modify its outward features in response to stimuli from the outside. Changes in shape, behaviour, and life history features are just a few ways in which phenotypic plasticity can be observed in insects. Body size, wing length, and colouration are examples of how morphology can alter in reaction to environmental factors. This phenomenon allows animals, especially insects, to modify their physical characteristics, behavioural patterns, and life history features in response to environmental stimuli. This article addresses the phenotypic plasticity observed in locusts and grasshoppers, highlighting their impressive ability to alter morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits in response to environmental changes. This review seeks to establish a fundamental comprehension of the mechanisms that govern phenotypic plasticity in grasshoppers and locusts, with the goal of laying the baseline for future scientific investigations into this novel phenomenon.
Copyright (c) 2022 Waheed Ali Panhwar, Shehr Bano Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The efficacy of biopesticides and synthetic pesticides in managing Cotton Jassids (Amrasca devastans Dist.) and enhancing cotton yield in Pakistan
Cotton production in Pakistan is significantly affected by pest infestations, with cotton jassid being the most damaging pest during the early growing season. To evaluate safer and more sustainable alternatives for pest control in cotton production, a study was conducted using biopesticides and synthetic pesticides against cotton jassids. The randomised complete block design experiment included seven treatments, with neem oil (T2), Datura (T3), and tobacco leaf extract (T4) as biopesticides, and Mospilan (T5), Tamaron (T6), and Confidor (T7) as synthetic pesticides. Standard plant inspection was used to sample and record pest populations, and all treatments were found to be effective in reducing jassid infestation compared to the control. Confidor was the most effective treatment, followed by Tamaron, neem oil, Mospilan, Datura, and tobacco leaf extract. The efficacy of all treatments was highest immediately after application and decreased over time. Using neem oil and Datura can help manage cotton jassids and increase cotton yield in Pakistan while reducing reliance on conventional chemical pesticides and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2022 Shahnoor Suhriani, Abdul Manan Shaikh, Waheed Ali Panhwar, Mehtab Ali Mahar, Fakhra Soomro, Sajjad Ali Larik, Paras Soomro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Customer perception and market potential of wood pellets biofuel in Swabi, Pakistan
This paper comprehensively investigates wood pellets customer’s perception and the market potential in district Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study in district Swabi combines surveys and interviews to gather quantitative and qualitative data through in-depth interviews with industry experts, policymakers, and relevant stakeholders to gain deeper insights into market dynamics, regulatory frameworks, and potential barriers to adoption. The analysis of the collected data involves both descriptive and inferential statistics. The quantitative results provide a comprehensive overview of customer perceptions, identifying patterns and correlations between various factors. The qualitative findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of market dynamics, highlighting key opportunities and challenges associated with wood pellet adoption in Swabi. Findings show awareness of wood pellets in Swabi, yet knowledge gaps and misconceptions hinder widespread adoption. Factors such as pricing, availability, and lack of infrastructure emerge as key barriers. The study also reveals promising market potential, especially considering the region’s abundant biomass resources and growing interest in sustainable energy solutions. This paper proposes recommendations and strategies to enhance customer awareness, promote the benefits of wood pellets, and address the identified barriers.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ali Raza, Majid Hussain, Syed Moazzam Nizami, Quratul Ain Afzal, Muhammad Tayyab Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predatory behaviour of Langona tatarica (Charitonov, 1946) in controlled condition in district Swabi, Pakistan
The growth and reproduction of spiders are directly related to the energy intake rate. Availability of prey, capture ability, feeding and digesting time, silk and energy required to control prey are affected by this rate. The predatory behaviour of Langona tartarica (Charitonov, 1946) in controlled conditions was observed at the laboratory of the Department of Zoology, Women University, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Live specimens of L. tartarica in a controlled environment were kept in an experimental display box covered with cover provided varied temperatures of 26 to 38 Celsius. It is first described that L. tartarica is an active predator like other Salticids species reported; it attacks prey and grasps with its four legs. It is also firstly observed that Musca domestica, Papilio casi, Psychoda spp., and Reticulitermes flavipes are their first preference over others like Coleoptera, Hoppers, and Crane fly if provided and avoid attacking or feeding on Oecobius and Oxyopes, (Araneae) in a controlled environment. Furthermore, L. tartarica builds a cocoon web in a controlled environment or, if displaced from its wild condition for rest and protection, mostly remains inside and frequently reconstructs the old web with a changed position.
Copyright (c) 2022 Arzoo, Pir Asmat Ali, Zarlakhta Hidayat, Mohammad Iftikhar Khan, Abdul Baset https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of water genotoxicity using comet assay in two freshwater fish species, Wallago attu and Ompok bimaculatus in Kabul River, Pakistan
The investigation determines the pollution status of river Kabul and its effects on the DNA of Wallago attu and Ompok bimaculatus. River Kabul gets pollutants from Amanghar industries and sewages from Mardan, Nowshera and Peshawar. Water and fish samples are taken to study heavy metals and physical parameters. The overall sequence of physical parameters in water samples was TDS>TSS>EC>TA>Cl>Na>pH>K, and that of heavy metals was Zn>Cr>Mn> Fe>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cd. The studied parameters in all the water samples except TSS are within the proposed limits of national environmental quality standards. The overall trend of analysed water samples was C>B>A. The study determines the effects of water pollution on the DNA of Ompok bimaculatus and Wallago attu tissues. Therefore, degrees of DNA damage such as TCS and comet class are studied in gills, liver, muscles, and intestines of Wallago attu and Ompok bimaculatus. The trend of DNA damage in examined tissues was intestine>skin>liver>gills>muscle, and in studied fish species, it was Ompok bimaculatus>Wallago attu. More significant DNA damage was observed in the intestine and smaller in the muscle. More DNA damage was found in Ompok bimaculatus and less in Wallago attu. The investigation recommended detoxifying the effluents and sewages before discharging them in River Kabul.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Siraj, Bibi Nazia Murtaza, Amina Sardar, Sidra Tul Muntaha, Aisha Waheed, Iqra Gul Khan, Pir Asmat Ali, Douglas Chivers https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relationship of ABO blood groups and Rh factor with diabetes mellitus among the human population of district Swabi, Pakistan
Diabetes mellitus is a biochemical condition with various genetic and environmental aspects described by persistently high glucose levels with aggravation of fat, sugar, and protein metabolic activity due to flaws in insulin release, insulin activity, or both. All humans and several other species have four major blood types, i.e. A, B, AB, and O. The study seeks to ascertain the existence of a link between ABO blood types, Rh factor and diabetes mellitus in district Swabi of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A six-month survey was conducted from July 2022 to December 2022. Individuals’ sociodemographic data was collected at random using self-administered questionnaires. Clinical data was collected in the laboratory. The information was then entered and analysed using the 2020 edition of SPSS. The Chi-Square test was implemented to calculate the results. Blood type B and Rh positive are more common, with a p-value for their link with diabetes less than 0.05 in the control group. The higher frequency and lower p-values indicate that diabetes mellitus and blood group B and Rh positive are positively correlated. It is suggested that this topic be expanded in other districts to comprehend the relationship of Rh and ABO blood types with diabetes mellitus.
Copyright (c) 2023 Samia Khalil, Pir Asmat Ali, Muhammad Siraj, Farrukh Nishat, Hajra Aziz, Abdul Baset https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative assessment of air quality spatial distribution in Alagoas and Asia
The state of Alagoas in the Brazilian Northeast (NEB) has not yet been assessed for pollutant spatial distribution through satellite remote sensing and reanalysis data. This research aimed to analyse the state’s spatial distribution throughout 2022 by collecting and processing data from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA2). The data were then interpolated and provided as a state map distribution by city or municipality for all the 102 towns in Alagoas. Additionally, the state is divided into three mesoregions (Coastal – “litoral”, Hinterland – “agreste”, and Arid – “sertão”), each with its specific climatology and characteristics. The pollutants chosen were Ozone (O3) (ozone), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Methane (CH4), and Particulate Matter 2.5 nm (PM2.5) and were displayed in a gradient state map from coastal to arid. The results were also compared to other case studies in Asia. The findings show that pollutants O3 and CH4 form a gradient from the coast to the state’s interior, which is associated with local effects and mesoscale circulation. In contrast, CO and PM2.5 directly relate to high concentrations of vehicles, industries, and agricultural production.
Copyright (c) 2022 Kelvy Rosalvo Alencar Cardoso, José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior, Micejane da Silva Costa, Juliana de Sousa Santos, Barbara Barros Godoy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0