Indo-Pak conflict in South Asia: dynamics of Kashmir issue and the way forward for peace
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.ajpas/2.1.1Keywords:
Conflict resolution, Peace-making, Arms race, Nuclear powers, Nuclear war, Negotiations, Confidence building measures, International mediationAbstract
India and Pakistan have experienced various military conflicts since their inception in 1947. The Kashmir issue is one of the most pertinent causes of conflict between both nations as they have gone to war in 1948, 1965 and 1999 on the issue of Kashmir. This matter was also brought to the United Nations Security Council for resolution. However, India has categorically refused to seek any international mediation over this issue by terming it as an internal issue of India. Both countries officially joined the nuclear club in May 1998, which posed a severe threat to the security of the South Asian region as it enabled them to use the nuclear option in future. After acquiring atomic status, both countries came close to war in 2001 when armies were deployed on forward positions on international borders and in 2019 when Pakistan shot down the Indian Air Force fighter jet in the Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Since 2019, especially after India revoked Article 370, relations between the two countries have been dismal. The paper contemplates the background of this conflict and the resultant wars between India and Pakistan and presents confidence-building measures for the pursuit of peace-making in South Asia.
References
Carranza, M. E. (1999). An impossible game: stable nuclear deterrence after the Indian and Pakistan tests. The Nonproliferation Review, 6(3), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736709908436761
Chakma, B. (2009) Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. Routledge.
Cheema, Z. I. (2010). Indian nuclear deterrence: its evaluation, development, implications for South Asian security. Oxford University.
Effendi, M. S. (2006). Pakistan-India peace process: summits in focus (1999-2005). Regional Studies, 24(3), 1-10.
Ganguly, S. (2002). Conflict unending: India-Pakistan tensions since 1947. Columbia University.
Ganguly, S. (1995). India's and Pakistan's strategies in the Kashmir conflict. Security Studies, 5(3-4), 410-443.
Ganguly, S. & Kapur, S. P. (ed.) (2009). Nuclear proliferation in South Asia. Routledge.
Goswami, N. (2006). The essence of the South Asian nuclear debate. Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis.
Higgins, B. (2016). The second Indo-Pakistan war. Journal of Military History, 80(2), 381-402.
Hussain, S. S., Mustafa, G., Imran, M., & Nawaz, A. (2019). The Indo-Pak Rivalry and the Kashmir Issue: A Historical Analysis in the Security Context of the South Asia. Journal of Political Studies, 26(2), 73-84. http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/6-v26_2_19.pdf
Jaspal, Z. N. (2009). Paradox of deterrence: India-Pakistan strategic relations. Strategic Studies, 29(4), 46-71. https://www.issi.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1299649036_25635225.pdf
Karim, A., Mahmood, A., Shahrukh, M. W., & Jabbar, A. (2022). Transformation of Pakistan’s nuclear posture from minimum credible to full spectrum deterrence. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 6(1), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/6.1.7
Khalid, M. (2021). Abrogation of Article 370 and 35-A, human rights situation in Indian occupied Kashmir and response options for Pakistan. Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS), 2(1), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.1.14
Kiss, E. (2019). Origins of the Kashmir dispute and its current situation. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 54(5), 656-672.
Krepon, M. & Gagne, C. (ed.) (2003). Nuclear Risk Reduction in South Asia. Stimson Centre.
Matinuddin, K. (2002). The nuclearization of South Asia. Oxford University.
Rana, S. (2010). India and Pakistan’s nuclear relationship establishing a stable nuclear deterrent and prospects for peace. University of Manitoba.
Rehman, A. U., Ashfaq, S., & Khan, T. M. (2018). Kargil Operation and its Effects on the Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 2(2), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/2.2.2
Stern, J. (2000, November, 1). Pakistan’s jihad culture. Foreign Affairs, 79(6), 115-128. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2000-11-01/pakistans-jihad-culture
Shamim, J., & Farooq, M. (2017). Nuclear proliferation in South Asia: towards World War-III. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 56(2), 39–52
Shamim, S. J. (2018). Hegel's concept of intellectual development in human history. Asian Research Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 5(4), 1-6.
Sridharan, E. (2007). The India–Pakistan nuclear relationship. Routledge
Waltz, K. N. (2003). The spread of nuclear weapons: a debate renewed. W. W. Norton.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Syed Jazib Shamim, Misbah Mohammad Nasim, Tahir Ali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.